The metabolism of anabolic-androgenic steroids in the greyhound

BACKGROUND Effective control of the use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs) in animal sports is essential in order to ensure both animal welfare and integrity. In order to better police their use in Australian and New Zealand greyhound racing, thorough metabolic studies have been carried out on a range of registered human and veterinary AASs available in the region. RESULTS Canine metabolic data are presented for the AASs boldenone, danazol, ethylestrenol, mesterolone, methandriol, nandrolone and norethandrolone. The principal Phase I metabolic processes observed were the reduction of A-ring unsaturations and/or 3-ketones with either 3α,5β- or 3β,5α-stereochemistry, the oxidation of secondary 17β-hydroxyl groups and 16α-hydroxylation. The Phase II β-glucuronylation of sterol metabolites was extensive. CONCLUSION The presented data have enabled the effective analysis of AASs and their metabolites in competition greyhound urine samples.Australian Research Council LP077483

Resources for Texas Sexual Assault Survivors: Inventory and Survey Findings on Services, Gaps, and Accessibility

Texas is a leader among states on the issue of sexual assault, and has promoted and funded the study of sexual violence as well as created the Sexual Assault Survivors’ Task Force (SASTF) through the Office of the Texas Governor (OOG). Sexual assault is clearly established as a public health problem affecting 6.3 million women and men in the state, or 33.2% of adult Texans over their lifetime.1 This statistic comes from thorough research by the Institute on Domestic Violence & Sexual Assault (IDVSA) at The University of Texas at Austin on the prevalence and impact of sexual assault on Texans, service providers, and the social and economic system at large. The bipartisan passage of HB 1590 (86R) B signifies a continued commitment by Texas lawmakers to serve sexual assault survivors. Lawmakers and Texans alike acknowledge the seriousness of sexual assault crimes. With the research findings derived from this project, survivors and their families, professionals supporting survivors, and lawmakers can better see the landscape of resources, service provision gaps, and unmet needs across our state. The specific project aims were to: • Inventory the sexual assault services available in Texas. • Assess sexual assault survivors’ needs by region for the 11 Texas regions. • Develop a sexual assault services resource inventory. IDVSA accomplished those aims by: • Developing and implementing a statewide survey to a broad and diverse set of providers who serve survivors of sexual violence. • Conducting a collaborative analysis of the survey findings with a specific focus on service availability and service gaps, and presenting those in this report to the OOG. • Developing an HB 1590 Inventory List of the resources available to survivors across the state and delivering it to the OOG to inform the creation of a comprehensive statewide service directory in the futureInstitute on Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault (IDVSA

Why do General Practitioners Decline Training to Improve Management of Medically Unexplained Symptoms?

BACKGROUND: General practitioners’ (GPs) communication with patients presenting medically unexplained symptoms (MUS) has the potential to somatize patients’ problems and intensify dependence on medical care. Several reports indicate that GPs have negative attitudes about patients with MUS. If these attitudes deter participation in training or other methods to improve communication, practitioners who most need help will not receive it. OBJECTIVE: To identify how GPs’ attitudes to patients with MUS might inhibit their participation with training to improve management. DESIGN: Qualitative study. PARTICIPANTS: GPs (N = 33) who had declined or accepted training in reattribution techniques in the context of a research trial. APPROACH: GPs were interviewed and their accounts analysed qualitatively. RESULTS: Although attitudes that devalued patients with MUS were common in practitioners who had declined training, these coexisted, in the same practitioners, with evidence of intuitive and elaborate psychological work with these patients. However, these practitioners devalued their psychological skills. GPs who had accepted training also described working psychologically with MUS but devalued neither patients with MUS nor their own psychological skills. CONCLUSIONS: GPs’ attitudes that suggested disengagement from patients with MUS belied their pursuit of psychological objectives. We therefore suggest that, whereas negative attitudes to patients have previously been regarded as the main barrier to involvement in measures to improve patient management, GPs devaluing of their own psychological skills with these patients may be more important

Studies on the electrochemical disinfection of water containing Escherichia coli using a Dimensionally Stable Anode

The aim of this work was to investigate the disinfectant effect of electrolysis on chlorine-free water, artificially contaminated with Escherichia coli (CCT-1457) and to evaluate the bactericidal activity of electrolysis and kinetic behavior of a single-cell reactor, with a DSA (Dimensionally Stable Anode) electrode to develop a scaled-up system. A high-density E. coli suspension (10(6) CFU mL-1) was electrolyzed in this reactor at 25, 50 and 75 mA cm-2 for up to 60 min, at flow rates of 200 and 500 L h-1. Bacterial survival fell by 98.9% without addition of chlorinated compounds and a power consumption rate not more than 5.60 kWh m-3 at flow rate of 200 L h-1 and 75 mA cm-2. The process produced a germicidal effect that reached this inactivation rate within a relatively short contact time. Also, a solution of electrolyzed 0.08 M Na2SO4 added to the inoculum showed residual bactericidal effect. The efficiency of disinfection was regulated by both the contact time and current density applied, and a kinetic function for the survival rate was developed for the purpose of scaling up.Água contaminada é uma das maiores origens de doenças em seres humanos. Em todo o mundo, a cloração é o método mais utilizado para promover desinfecção em águas de abastecimento devido ao seu efeito residual, quando adequadamente calculado. Contudo, se a água apresentar matéria orgânica, pode haver a geração de organoclorados, os quais são genotóxicos e carcinogênicos. Sob esta óptica, investigamos o efeito bactericida da aplicação da eletrólise em água sem cloro contaminada com Escherichia coli (CCT-1457). O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o poder de desinfecção e o comportamento cinético da eletrólise realizada em reator de compartimento único e usando eletrodos ADE (Anodo Dimensionalmente Estável), visando ampliação de escala. Uma suspensão contendo elevada concentração de E. coli (10(6) UFC mL-1) foi submetida ao tratamento no reator em 25, 50 e 75 mA cm-2 durante 60 min, em vazões de 200 e 50 Lh-1. A taxa de inativação foi aproximadamente 99% para a solução isenta de compostos clorados, com consumo de energia elétrica menor que 5,60 kWh m-3 em 200 L h-1 e 75 mA cm-2. Uma solução de Na2SO4 0,08M eletrolisada e adicionada posteriormente ao inoculo apresentou efeito residual bactericida. A eficiência da desinfecção foi regida pelo tempo de contato e pela densidade de corrente aplicada, e foi realizado um estudo cinético que permite a ampliação de escala

A methodology for the evaluation of disinfection technologies

There are several concerns associated with the use of chlorine for potable water disinfection. These are the resistance of certain pathogens, the formation of toxic disinfection by-products and the adverse effects on aesthetic water quality. Owing to these concerns the water industry is continually reviewing alternative disinfection technologies. A methodology has been devised that will aid the water industry in evaluating the potential of these technologies. The methodology uses seven criteria to evaluate the technologies, these are: inactivation efficiency, disinfection by-product (DBP) formation, toxicity, aesthetic water quality, cost, scalability and residual maintenance. Each criterion is assessed by associated questions in order of importance in accordance with a protocol. The criteria are evaluated using UK water quality regulations as standards. Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection was used as an example to demonstrate the methodology. UV was shown to meet all the criteria apart from the provision of a residual disinfectant. Several other disinfection technologies were evaluated using the methodology. Direct electrochemical disinfection and mixed oxidant generators were identified as having the most potential for replacing chlorination.</jats:p

A Framework to Develop Interventions to Address Labor Exploitation and Trafficking: Integration of Behavioral and Decision Science within a Case Study of Day Laborers

This paper describes a process that integrates behavioral and decision science methods to design and evaluate interventions to disrupt illicit behaviors. We developed this process by extending a framework used to study systems with uncertain outcomes, where only partial information is observable, and wherein there are multiple participating parties with competing goals. The extended framework that we propose builds from artefactual data collection, thematic analysis, and descriptive analysis, toward predictive modeling and agent-based modeling. We use agent-based modeling to characterize and predict interactions between system participants for the purpose of improving our understanding of interventional targets in a virtual environment before piloting them in the field. We apply our extended framework to an exploratory case study that examines the potential of worker centers as a venue for deploying interventions to address labor exploitation and human trafficking. This case study focuses on reducing wage theft, the most prevalent form of exploitation experienced by day laborers and applies the first three steps of the extended framework. Specifically, the case study makes a preliminary assessment of two types of social interventions designed to disrupt exploitative processes and improve the experiences of day laborers, namely: (1) advocates training day laborers about their workers’ rights and options that they have for addressing wage theft and (2) media campaigns designed to disseminate similar educational messages about workers’ rights and options to address wage theft through broadcast channels. Applying the extended framework to this case study of day laborers at a worker center demonstrates how digital technology could be used to monitor, evaluate, and support collaborations between worker center staff and day laborers. Ideally, these collaborations could be improved to mitigate the risks and costs of wage theft, build trust between worker center stakeholders, and address communication challenges between day laborers and employers, in the context of temporary work. Based on the application of the extended framework to this case study of worker center day laborers, we discuss how next steps in the research framework should prioritize understanding how and why employers make decisions to participate in wage theft and the potential for restorative justice and equity matching as a relationship model for employers and laborers in a well-being economy.Bureau of Business Researc

Sexual Violence Among Gender and Sexual Minority College Students: The Risk and Extent of Victimization and Related Health and Educational Outcomes

A multisite survey conducted at eight campuses of a southwestern university system provides the data for the present study, total N = 17,039 with 1,869 gender and sexual minority (GSM) students. Sexual violence was measured using the Sexual Experiences Survey (SES), and analysis included both the participant’s risk of experiencing sexual violence and the extent (or total count) of sexual violence experienced. This study poses the following research questions: What effects do gender identity and sexual orientation have on the risk and extent of sexual violence among students and, among victims, what is the relationship between gender identity/sexual orientation and mental health (posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD], depression) and academic environment (disengagement and safety) outcomes for university students? Multilevel, random effect hurdle models captured this sequential victimization dynamic. GSM and cisgender heterosexual (CH) female students are predicted to be 2.6 and 3 times, respectively, as likely to experience sexual violence compared with CH male students. In addition, GSM students experiencing sexual violence are also expected to experience a greater number of sexually violent acts (74% more) over their college career compared with victimized CH male students. The models confirm that the risk of victimization increases over time (13% per year for CH male students), but GSM students are expected to experience an additional (10%) increase in risk of victimization per year compared with CH male students. GSM and CH female students are also predicted to be more likely to have PTSD and experience more severe depression symptoms than CH male students. GSM students are expected to experience significantly higher rates of PTSD, worse depressive symptoms, and greater disengagement than CH female students. The discussion explores how institutions of higher education might recognize the resilience of GSM students and consider the protective potential of social and community support when developing programs or interventions for diverse populations. </jats:p