The backward crosstalk effect or response grouping in the psychological refractory period paradigm

Background: In the psychological refractory period paradigm, the second response time is increased as the interval between the first and second stimulus is decreased. The response delay for the second stimulus is called the psychological refractory period. In contrast with these findings, some evidence of the backward crosstalk effect has shown that the first reaction time is affected by the second stimulus. The capacity sharing models, in which multiple stimuli can be processed simultaneously, unlike central bottleneck models, are able to provide some explanations for the changes in the reaction time to the first stimulus. However, sometimes these changes could be arisen from response grouping; the first response remains on the processing buffer until the response to the second stimulus is prepared, then both stimuli are responded simultaneously. The questions of this study were whether the second task difficulty and time interval manipulation would affect the first task response or not and in what extend changes are because of response grouping? Materials and Methods: Detection, discrimination and choice tasks were used as the second task in the psychological refractory period paradigm and the time interval between stimuli was 50, 100, 200, 400, or 1000 ms. Results: The type of the second stimulus and time interval between stimuli had an effect on the second-task and first-task reaction times. Conclusion: In the detection group, the first task response time changes were consistent with grouping between the two responses, but in the discrimination group the changes would arise from capacity limitation and were consistent with the backward crosstalk effect

Reconstructing William Craig Explanation of Absolute Time Based on Islamic Philosophy

After the advent of the theory of special relativity, the existence of an absolute time in nature was rejected in physics society. In recent decades, William Craig has endeavored to offer an interpretation of empirical evidences corresponding to theory of relativity with the preservation of an absolute time. His strategy is based on two viewpoints including dynamical theory of time and the Eminent God's temporal being. After considering and criticizing these two viewpoints, using the well-known overall substantial motion of nature in Islamic philosophy and thus the realization of a general time for all the nature, we have tried to reconstruct Craig argument for an absolute time. Although Craig has considered some evidences from modern physics reasoning on an absolute time, the special advantage of the approach considered here is in this fact that it connects better the existing gap between the metaphysics and the physics of the argument.Comment: 16 page

Environmental impact assessment (EIA) on cultivation of the nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) with brackish water in Dashtestan

EIA is a worthy tool for identifying and assessing potential impacts and control them.it compatibles environmental aspects with sustainable development. In order to predict the effects of tilapia culture activities on regional we gathered physical, biological, and social information to quantify the activities effects on them. We addressed 42 impacts consist of 31 positive, and 11 negative. These affect half of social, 33% of physical, and 17 of biological elements. This equivalent with -42, +304, and+36 when puts in the charts.in order to have a good and comprehensive assessment of activities Leopold matrices was employed. Based on summarized values from this we have +380and -82 results +298. This means that this activity has a great positive result especially on socio-economic environment. These kinds of studies are highly recommended for other parts of the Bushehr province e.g Dashtestan county that most of their water resources are brackish and not suitable for agriculture

Texture evaluation in warm deformation of an extruded Mg–6Al–3Zn alloy

To assess the effect of strain and strain rate on texture evolution of an extruded Mg–6Al–3Zn alloy, compression tests were carried out. Samples were prepared in the extrusion direction (ED) and normal direction (ND). The compression tests were performed at 250 °C and with different strain rates of 0.01 sec−1 and 1 sec−1 and different strains. Microstructural observation and texture investigation show that at early stages of deformation, extension twins lead to the development of strong basal texture intensity along rolling direction (RD) in ED samples and contraction twins result in texture evolution along transverse direction (TD) in ND samples. Also, microstructural investigation at high strains reveals that dynamic recrystallization occurs in both samples and consequently the basal texture intensity has been decreased

Evidence-Based Assignment of Diagnostic Peritoneal Lavage (DPL) Sensitivity in Penetrating Abdominal Trauma

Background:There are a large number of patients with penetrating abdominal trauma who have normal vital signs and negative abdominal examination when referred to trauma centers. Agreat deal of controversy exists between authorities about screening these patients for emergency explorative laparotomy. Many references have reported more than 90% sensitivity for DPL as a diagnostic method to determine whether intraabdominal injuries were present and emergent laparotomy is indicated or not. This study is for reassignment of this sensitivity according to our own evidence. Methods: All of the patients with abdominal stab wounds and normal vital signs plus negative abdominal examination who were referred to Shohada-e-Tajrish hospital between March 2004 to December 2005, underwent local wound exploration and those confirmed to have peritoneal penetration, underwent emergency laparotomy. In the operating room and prior to surgery, under general anesthesia, DPL was performed. Then DPL results were compared with laparotomy findings and DPL sensitivity was assigned. Results: Of the total number of 34 patients, 8 had a positive DPL and positive laparotomy; 2 had a positive DPL and negative laparotomy; 8 had negative DPL and positive laparotomy, and 16 patients had negative DPL and negative laparotomy. Conclusion: According to our study, DPL sensitivity is much less than mentioned in trauma texts (approximately 50%). So, it is not a valuable tool to discriminate between operative and conservative approaches in penetrating abdominal trauma. We suggest more sensitive modalities. Laparotomy is the most sensitive approach but at the price of a high negative laparotomy rate

Double diffusive magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) mixed convective slip flow along a radiating moving vertical flat plate with convective boundary condition.

In this study combined heat and mass transfer by mixed convective flow along a moving vertical flat plate with hydrodynamic slip and thermal convective boundary condition is investigated. Using similarity variables, the governing nonlinear partial differential equations are converted into a system of coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The transformed equations are then solved using a semi-numerical/analytical method called the differential transform method and results are compared with numerical results. Close agreement is found between the present method and the numerical method. Effects of the controlling parameters, including convective heat transfer, magnetic field, buoyancy ratio, hydrodynamic slip, mixed convective, Prandtl number and Schmidt number are investigated on the dimensionless velocity, temperature and concentration profiles. In addition effects of different parameters on the skin friction factor, [Formula: see text], local Nusselt number, [Formula: see text], and local Sherwood number [Formula: see text] are shown and explained through tables

An Easy Solution For The Diverting Loop Colostomy: Our Technique

Background: The loop colostomy is one of the most popular techniques used as a protective maneuver for a distal anastomosis and/or temporary fecal diversion. We are introducing the use of a full thickness skin bridge under the large bowel instead of a glass rod which alleviates problems such as protrusion of the large bowel, retraction of the bowel into the abdomen after removing the rod and hindering proper application of a colostomy bag over the stoma. Methods: Seventeen patients needing double barrel colostomy for complete diversion of fecal material were selected using loop colostomy with skin bridge. Three patients had Fournier's gangrene and 14 had penetrating rectal injury. Omega loop colostomy with a full thickness skin bridge was performed for fecal diversion. Results: All of the 17 patients had gas passing and full passage of fecal material within 3 days postoperatively. No case of skin necrosis and stitch abscess was encountered. No parastomal hernia or large prolapse was noted until healing was completed and patients were discharged and after at least 8 weeks and in Fournier's gangrene somewhat longer, the loop colostomy was closed without the need for formal laparotomy and without any case of anastomotic leak. Conclusion: In this study we confirmed that diverting loop colostomy using a skin bridge is a safe, rapid and easy to manage colostomy technique which gives complete diversion similar to double barrel colostomy without the need of performing a laparotomy for closure of the colostomy

Supplementary Material for: Dipeptidyl-Peptidase 4 Inhibitor-Induced Variants of Bullous Pemphigoid: A Case Series of Four Patients

Bullous pemphigoid is the most common acquired bullous disease with an autoimmune basis and a tendency to involve mostly old people. By rising incidence of diabetes all over the world, consumption of antidiabetes medications has also increased. One of the most used antidiabetes drugs is gliptin family (dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 inhibitor). Recently, this class of oral antidiabetic agents showed a correlation with the occurrence of bullous pemphigoid and its subtypes, including mucous membrane pemphigoid and pemphigoid nodularis. We are reporting a case series of 4 diabetes patients that we diagnosed with bullous pemphigoid subtypes (mucous membrane pemphigoid, pemphigoid nodularis, and its rarest subtype, linear IgA bullous dermatosis) after taking different drugs of gliptin family