High resolution parallel sequencing reveals multistrain Campylobacter in broiler chicken flocks testing 'negative' by conventional culture methods: implications for control of Campylobacter infection.

Contaminated chicken meat is a major source of human Campylobacteriosis and rates of infection remain high, despite efforts to limit the colonisation of broiler (meat) chicken flocks on farms. Using conventional testing methods of culture or qPCR, Campylobacter is typically detected amongst broiler flocks from 3 wk of age, leading to the assumption that infection is introduced horizontally into chicken rearing houses at this time. In this study, we use parallel sequencing of a fragment of the Campylobacter outer membrane protein, encoded by the porA gene, to test for presence of Campylobacter DNA amongst fresh fecal samples collected from broiler flocks aged 23 to 28 d. Campylobacter DNA was detected in all of the 290 samples tested using the porA target, and in 48% of samples using 16S bacterial profiling, irrespective of whether or not Campylobacter could be detected using conventional qPCR thresholds. A single porAf2 variant was predominant among flocks that would be determined to be Campylobacter 'positive' by conventional means, but a diverse pattern was seen among flocks that were Campylobacter 'negative'. The ability to routinely detect low levels of Campylobacter amongst broiler flocks at a much earlier age than would conventionally be identified requires a re-examination of how and when biosecurity measures are best applied for live birds. In addition, it may be useful to investigate why single Campylobacter variants proliferate in some broiler flocks and not others

К вопросу о профилактике цифровой зависимости студентов среднепрофессиональных образовательных организаций

Introduction. The article examines the problems associated with the digitalization of the education system of secondary vocational education and the impact of this process on students of secondary specialized educational organizations. The paper points out that along with the obvious benefits associated with the need to train personnel for the digital economy by means of using Information and Communications technologies, the digitalization of the education system of the vocational education system has certain risks and costs. Purpose setting. The solution to the problem of digital addiction is based on the development and implementation of a set of measures aimed at its prevention. Methodology of the study. Theoretical methods, comparative analysis and generalization of scientific literature on the problem of studying digital addiction and prevention methods were used; diagnostic methods, methods of result processing. Results. The negative impact of total digitalization on students of secondary vocational education is considered, the emphasis is placed on the fact that along with the advantages, digital educational technologies have a negative impact on personality formation under the condition of uncontrolled use. First of all, this is due to the unpreparedness of the education system to neutralize the level the negative impact of this phenomenon on the personality of students in colleges, schools and other secondary specialized educational institutions. The article points to the need to form a new digital culture in the digital educational environment, the so-called «cyberculture» based on the prevention of digital addiction and compliance with the rules of digital hygiene. The analysis of the impact of the digital educational environment of educational institutions on students determined the need to study the phenomenon of digital hygiene as a factor in preventing the digital dependence of the subjects of the educational process. The literature devoted to the negative impact of the digitalization of the educational process on the mental, physical and intellectual development of students is analyzed. Conclusion. The article reveals the problem of safe behavior in the digital educational space, the issues of leveling the negative processes caused by the digitalization of education through the implementation of a set of measures to prevent digital addiction. The authors have developed and proposed a set of pedagogical conditions for the prevention of digital addiction of students of secondary vocational education.Введение. В статье исследуются проблемы цифровизации образования системы СПО и ее влияния на обучающихся средних специальных образовательных организаций. В работе указывается, что наряду с очевидными преимуществами, связанными с необходимостью подготовки кадров для цифровой экономики средствами ИКТ, цифровизация образования системы СПО имеет определенные риски и издержки. Постановка задачи. Решение проблемы цифровой зависимости основано на разработке и реализации комплекса мер, направленных на ее профилактику. Методика и методология исследования. Использованы теоретические методы, сравнительно-сопоставительный анализ и обобщение научной литературы по проблеме исследования цифровой зависимости и методов профилактики; диагностические методы, методы обработки результатов. Результаты. Рассмотрено негативное влияние тотальной диджитализации на обучающихся СПО, сделан акцент на том, что наряду с достоинствами цифровые образовательные технологии имеют отрицательное воздействие на формирование личности при бесконтрольном использовании. В первую очередь, это связано с неготовностью системы образования нивелировать негативное влияние этого феномена на личность обучающихся колледжей, училищ и других средних специальных образовательных учреждений. В статье указывается необходимость формирования в цифровой образовательной среде новой цифровой культуры, так называемой «киберкультуры», основанной на профилактике цифровой зависимости и соблюдении правил цифровой гигиены. Анализ влияния цифровой образовательной среды учебных заведений на обучающихся детерминировал необходимость изучения феномена «цифровая гигиена» как фактора предупреждения цифровой зависимости субъектов образовательного процесса. Проанализирована литература, посвященная негативному влиянию цифровизации образовательного процесса на психическое, физическое и интеллектуальное развитие обучающихся. Выводы. В статье раскрываются проблема безопасного поведения в цифровом образовательном пространстве, вопросы нивелирования негативных процессов, обусловленных цифровизацией образования посредством реализации комплекса мер по профилактике цифровой зависимости. Авторами разработан и предложен комплекс педагогических условий профилактики цифровой зависимости обучающихся СПО

Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Lacking hfq Gene Confers Protective Immunity against Murine Typhoid

Salmonella enterica is an important enteric pathogen and its various serovars are involved in causing both systemic and intestinal diseases in humans and domestic animals. The emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of Salmonella leading to increased morbidity and mortality has further complicated its management. Live attenuated vaccines have been proven superior over killed or subunit vaccines due to their ability to induce protective immunity. Of the various strategies used for the generation of live attenuated vaccine strains, focus has gradually shifted towards manipulation of virulence regulator genes. Hfq is a RNA chaperon which mediates the binding of small RNAs to the mRNA and assists in post-transcriptional gene regulation in bacteria. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of the Salmonella Typhimurium Δhfq strain as a candidate for live oral vaccine in murine model of typhoid fever. Salmonella hfq deletion mutant is highly attenuated in cell culture and animal model implying a significant role of Hfq in bacterial virulence. Oral immunization with the Salmonella hfq deletion mutant efficiently protects mice against subsequent oral challenge with virulent strain of Salmonella Typhimurium. Moreover, protection was induced upon both multiple as well as single dose of immunizations. The vaccine strain appears to be safe for use in pregnant mice and the protection is mediated by the increase in the number of CD4+ T lymphocytes upon vaccination. The levels of serum IgG and secretory-IgA in intestinal washes specific to lipopolysaccharide and outer membrane protein were significantly increased upon vaccination. Furthermore, hfq deletion mutant showed enhanced antigen presentation by dendritic cells compared to the wild type strain. Taken together, the studies in murine immunization model suggest that the Salmonella hfq deletion mutant can be a novel live oral vaccine candidate

Mainstreams of Horizontal Gene Exchange in Enterobacteria: Consideration of the Outbreak of Enterohemorrhagic E. coli O104:H4 in Germany in 2011

Escherichia coli O104:H4 caused a severe outbreak in Europe in 2011. The strain TY-2482 sequenced from this outbreak allowed the discovery of its closest relatives but failed to resolve ways in which it originated and evolved. On account of the previous statement, may we expect similar upcoming outbreaks to occur recurrently or spontaneously in the future? The inability to answer these questions shows limitations of the current comparative and evolutionary genomics methods.status: publishe

The Political Regime of Modern Israel

The current research analyses the structure of the political regime in the State of Israel. It demonstrates that existing Israeli democratic institutions do not control the state’s policymaking in full, and several politically important processes are controlled or at least influenced by various other politically active forces. While these forces can influence, stimulate, inhibit, and otherwise change governmental decisions andactions, they can be labeled as kratiae. The governability of the Israeli democracy is weak, other kratiae can intervene in policymaking and the state’s regime acts as democracy-dominated multicracy