Pengaruh Aplikasi Kombinasi Biourine Dengan Pupuk Organik Dan Anorganik Terhadap Pertumbuhan Dan Hasil Tanaman Bawang Merah (Allium Ascalonicum L.)

Biourine merupakan pupuk cair yang sangat bermanfaat untuk tanah dan tanaman. Tujuan dari penelitian ini ialah untuk mendapatkan kombinasi biourine dengan pupuk anorganik dan kompos kotoran sapi yang terbaik pada pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman bawang merah dan mengetahui pengaruh aplikasi biourine yang dikombinasikan dengan pupuk anorganik dan kompos kotoran sapi pada pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman bawang merah. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok dengan tiga ulangan yaitu: P1) biourine urine + pupuk anorganik 50% dosis, P2) biourine urine + pupuk anorganik 25% dosis + pupuk kandang 25% dosis, P3) biourine urine + pupuk kandang 50%, P4) biourine feses + pupuk anorganik 50% dosis, P5) biourine feses + pupuk anorganik 25% dosis + pupuk kandang 25% dosis, P6) biourine feses + pupuk kandang 50%, P7) biourine urine feses + pupuk anorganik 50% dosis, P8) biourine urine feses + pupuk anorganik 25% dosis + pupuk kandang 25% dosis, P9) biourine urine feses + pupuk kandang 50%. Penelitian dilakukan di Desa Ngujung, Kota Batu dan telah dilaksanakan pada bulan Januari hingga Maret 2014. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aplikasi biourin tidak berpengaruh nyata pada parameter pertumbuhan tetapi berpengaruh nyata pada hasil bawang merah. Perlakuan biourine bahan dasar urine dan feses dengan kompos kotoran sapi 50% dosis (P9) memberikan jumlah umbi terbanyak sebanyak 13,58 umbi tan-1 sedangkan perlakuan yang memberikan bobot hasil umbi tertinggi ialah perlakuan biourine bahan dasar feses, pupuk anorganik 25% dosis dengan kompos kotoran sapi 25% dosis (P5) yang memberikan umbi sebesar 6,09 ton ha-1

Electric field and tip geometry effects on dielectrophoretic growth of carbon nanotube nanofibrils on scanning probes

Single-wall carbon nanotube (SWNT) nanofibrils were assembled onto a variety of conductive scanning probes including atomic force microscope (AFM) tips and scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) needles using positive dielectrophoresis (DEP). The magnitude of the applied electric field was varied in the range of 1-20 V to investigate its effect on the dimensions of the assembled SWNT nanofibrils. Both length and diameter grew asymptotically as voltage increased from 5 to 18 V. Below 4 V, stable attachment of SWNT nanofibrils could not be achieved due to the relatively weak DEP force versus Brownian motion. At voltages of 20 V and higher, low quality nanofibrils resulted from incorporating large amounts of impurities. For intermediate voltages, optimal nanofibrils were achieved, though pivotal to this assembly is the wetting behaviour upon tip immersion in the SWNT suspension drop. This process was monitored in situ to correlate wetting angle and probe geometry (cone angles and tip height), revealing that probes with narrow cone angles and long shanks are optimal. It is proposed that this results from less wetting of the probe apex, and therefore reduces capillary forces and especially force transients during the nanofibril drawing process. Relatively rigid probes (force constant >= 2 N/m) exhibited no perceivable cantilever bending upon wetting and de-wetting, resulting in the most stable process control

Posttranslational modifications of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIdelta and its downstream signaling in human failing hearts

BACKGROUND: In human failing hearts (HF) of different origin (coronary artery disease-CAD, dilated-DCM, restrictive and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy-OTHER), we investigated the active forms of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIdelta (p-Thr287-CaMKIIdelta, oxMet281/282-CaMKIIdelta) and their role in phenotypes of the disease. METHODS AND RESULTS: Although basic diagnostic and clinical markers indicating the attenuated cardiac contractility and remodeling were comparable in HF groups, CaMKIIdelta-mediated axis was different. P-Thr287-CaMKIIdelta was unaltered in CAD group, whereas it was upregulated in non-ischemic cardiomyopathic groups. No correlation between the upregulated p-Thr287-CaMKIIdelta and QT interval prolongation was detected. Unlike in DCM, oxMet281/282-CaMKIIdelta did not differ among HF groups. Independently of CaMKIIdelta phosphorylation/oxidation, activation of its downstreams-phospholamban and cardiac myosin binding protein-C was significantly downregulated supporting both diminished cardiac lusitropy and inotropy in all hearts. Content of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase 2a in all HF was unchanged. Protein phosphatase1beta was upregulated in CAD and DCM only, while 2A did not differ among groups. CONCLUSION: This is the first demonstration that the posttranslational activation of CaMKIIdelta differs in HF depending on etiology. Lower levels of downstream molecular targets of CaMKIIdelta do not correlate with either activation of CaMKIIdelta or the expression of major protein phosphatases in the HF. Thus, it is unlikely that these mechanisms exclusively underlie failing of the heart

Cytoplasmic PML promotes TGF-β-associated epithelial–mesenchymal transition and invasion in prostate cancer

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key event that is involved in the invasion and dissemination of cancer cells. Although typically considered as having tumour-suppressive properties, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signalling is altered during cancer and has been associated with the invasion of cancer cells and metastasis. In this study, we report a previously unknown role for the cytoplasmic promyelocytic leukaemia (cPML) tumour suppressor in TGF-β signalling-induced regulation of prostate cancer-associated EMT and invasion. We demonstrate that cPML promotes a mesenchymal phenotype and increases the invasiveness of prostate cancer cells. This event is associated with activation of TGF-β canonical signalling pathway through the induction of Sma and Mad related family 2 and 3 (SMAD2 and SMAD3) phosphorylation. Furthermore, the cytoplasmic localization of promyelocytic leukaemia (PML) is mediated by its nuclear export in a chromosomal maintenance 1 (CRM1)-dependent manner. This was clinically tested in prostate cancer tissue and shown that cytoplasmic PML and CRM1 co-expression correlates with reduced disease-specific survival. In summary, we provide evidence of dysfunctional TGF-β signalling occurring at an early stage in prostate cancer. We show that this disease pathway is mediated by cPML and CRM1 and results in a more aggressive cancer cell phenotype. We propose that the targeting of this pathway could be therapeutically exploited for clinical benefit

Heterogeneity in glucose response curves during an oral glucose tolerance test and associated cardiometabolic risk

We aimed to examine heterogeneity in glucose response curves during an oral glucose tolerance test with multiple measurements and to compare cardiometabolic risk profiles between identified glucose response curve groups. We analyzed data from 1,267 individuals without diabetes from five studies in Denmark, the Netherlands and the USA. Each study included between 5 and 11 measurements at different time points during a 2-h oral glucose tolerance test, resulting in 9,602 plasma glucose measurements. Latent class trajectories with a cubic specification for time were fitted to identify different patterns of plasma glucose change during the oral glucose tolerance test. Cardiometabolic risk factor profiles were compared between the identified groups. Using latent class trajectory analysis, five glucose response curves were identified. Despite similar fasting and 2-h values, glucose peaks and peak times varied greatly between groups, ranging from 7-12 mmol/L, and 35-70 min. The group with the lowest and earliest plasma glucose peak had the lowest estimated cardiovascular risk, while the group with the most delayed plasma glucose peak and the highest 2-h value had the highest estimated risk. One group, with normal fasting and 2-h values, exhibited an unusual profile, with the highest glucose peak and the highest proportion of smokers and men. The heterogeneity in glucose response curves and the distinct cardiometabolic risk profiles may reflect different underlying physiologies. Our results warrant more detailed studies to identify the source of the heterogeneity across the different phenotypes and whether these differences play a role in the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease

Reversion from prediabetes to normoglycaemia and risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality: the Whitehall II cohort study

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Reversion from prediabetes to normoglycaemia is accompanied by an improvement in cardiovascular risk factors, but it is unclear whether this translates into a reduction in risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events or death. Hence, we studied the probability of reversion from prediabetes to normoglycaemia and the associated risk of future CVD and death using data from the Whitehall II observational cohort study. METHODS: Three glycaemic criteria for prediabetes (fasting plasma glucose [FPG] 5.6-6.9 mmol/l, 2 h plasma glucose [2hPG] 7.8-11.0 mmol/l, and HbA1c 39-47 mmol/mol [5.7-6.4%]) were assessed in 2002-2004 and 2007-2009 for 5193 participants free of known diabetes at enrolment. Among participants with prediabetes in the first examination, we calculated the probability of reversion to normoglycaemia by re-examination according to each glycaemic criterion. Poisson regression analysis was used to estimate and compare incidence rates of a composite endpoint of a CVD event or death in participants with prediabetes who did vs did not revert to normoglycaemia. Analyses were adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity and previous CVD. RESULTS: Based on the FPG criterion, 820 participants had prediabetes and 365 (45%) of them had reverted to normoglycaemia in 5 years. The corresponding numbers were 324 and 120 (37%) for the 2hPG criterion and 1709 and 297 (17%) for the HbA1c criterion. During a median follow-up of 6.7 (interquartile range 6.3-7.2) years, 668 events of non-fatal CVD or death occurred among the 5193 participants. Reverting from 2hPG-defined prediabetes to normoglycaemia vs remaining prediabetic or progressing to diabetes was associated with a halving in event rate (12.7 vs 29.1 per 1000 person-years, p = 0.020). No association with event rate was observed for reverting from FPG-defined (18.6 vs 18.2 per 1000 person-years, p = 0.910) or HbA1c-defined prediabetes to normoglycaemia (24.5 vs 22.9 per 1000 person-years, p = 0.962). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Most people with HbA1c-defined prediabetes remained prediabetic or progressed to diabetes during 5 years of follow-up. In contrast, reversion to normoglycaemia was frequent among people with FPG- or 2hPG-defined prediabetes. Only reversion from 2hPG-defined prediabetes to normoglycaemia was associated with a reduction in future risk of CVD and death

Trajectories of glycaemia, insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion in South Asian and white individuals before diagnosis of type 2 diabetes: a longitudinal analysis from the Whitehall II cohort study

$\textbf{AIMS/HYPOTHESIS}$: South Asian individuals have reduced insulin sensitivity and increased risk of type 2 diabetes compared with white individuals. Temporal changes in glycaemic traits during middle age suggest that impaired insulin secretion is a particular feature of diabetes development among South Asians. We therefore aimed to examine ethnic differences in early changes in glucose metabolism prior to incident type 2 diabetes. $\textbf{METHODS}$: In a prospective British occupational cohort, subject to 5 yearly clinical examinations, we examined ethnic differences in trajectories of fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2 h post-load plasma glucose (2hPG), fasting serum insulin (FSI), 2 h post-load serum insulin (2hSI), HOMA of insulin sensitivity (HOMA2-S) and secretion (HOMA2-B), and the Gutt insulin sensitivity index (ISI$_{0,120}$) among 120 South Asian and 867 white participants who developed diabetes during follow-up (1991-2013). We fitted cubic mixed-effects models to longitudinal data with adjustment for a wide range of covariates. $\textbf{RESULTS}$: Compared with white individuals, South Asians had a faster increase in FPG before diagnosis (slope difference 0.22 mmol/l per decade; 95% CI 0.02, 0.42; p = 0.03) and a higher FPG level at diagnosis (0.27 mmol/l; 95% CI 0.06, 0.48; p = 0.01). They also had higher FSI and 2hSI levels before and at diabetes diagnosis. South Asians had a faster decline and lower HOMA2-S (log e -transformed) at diagnosis compared with white individuals (0.33; 95% CI 0.21, 0.46; p < 0.001). HOMA2-B increased in both ethnic groups until 7 years before diagnosis and then declined; the initial increase was faster in white individuals. ISI$_{0,120}$ declined steeply in both groups before diagnosis; levels were lower among South Asians before and at diagnosis. There were no ethnic differences in 2hPG trajectories. $\textbf{CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION}$: We observed different trajectories of plasma glucose, insulin sensitivity and secretion prior to diabetes diagnosis in South Asian and white individuals. This might be due to ethnic differences in the natural history of diabetes. South Asian individuals experienced a more rapid decrease in insulin sensitivity and faster increases in FPG compared with white individuals. These findings suggest more marked disturbance in beta cell compensation prior to diabetes diagnosis in South Asian individuals.AH, RKS and DRW are supported by the Danish Diabetes Academy. The Danish Diabetes Academy is funded by the Novo Nordisk Foundation. RKS is further supported by the Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies. KF is supported by the Novo Nordisk Foundation. EJB is supported by the British Heart Foundation (RG/13/2/30098). The UK Medical Research Council (MR/K013351/1; G0902037), the British Heart Foundation (RG/13/2/30098) and the US National Institutes of Health (R01HL36310, R01AG013196) have supported collection of data in the Whitehall II study

Indications, complications, and outcomes of cardiac surgery after heart transplantation: results from the cash study

[Abstract] Background: Allograft pathologies, such as valvular, coronary artery, or aortic disease, may occur early and late after cardiac transplantation. Cardiac surgery after heart transplantation (CASH) may be an option to improve quality of life and allograft function and prolong survival. Experience with CASH, however, has been limited to single-center reports. Methods: We performed a retrospective, multicenter study of heart transplant recipients with CASH between January 1984 and December 2020. In this study, 60 high-volume cardiac transplant centers were invited to participate. Results: Data were available from 19 centers in North America (n = 7), South America (n = 1), and Europe (n = 11), with a total of 110 patients. A median of 3 (IQR 2-8.5) operations was reported by each center; five centers included ≥ 10 patients. Indications for CASH were valvular disease (n = 62), coronary artery disease (CAD) (n = 16), constrictive pericarditis (n = 17), aortic pathology (n = 13), and myxoma (n = 2). The median age at CASH was 57.7 (47.8-63.1) years, with a median time from transplant to CASH of 4.4 (1-9.6) years. Reoperation within the first year after transplantation was performed in 24.5%. In-hospital mortality was 9.1% (n = 10). 1-year survival was 86.2% and median follow-up was 8.2 (3.8-14.6) years. The most frequent perioperative complications were acute kidney injury and bleeding revision in 18 and 9.1%, respectively. Conclusion: Cardiac surgery after heart transplantation has low in-hospital mortality and postoperative complications in carefully selected patients. The incidence and type of CASH vary between international centers. Risk factors for the worse outcome are higher European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation (EuroSCORE II) and postoperative renal failure