A Comprehensive Review on Water Quality Parameters Estimation Using Remote Sensing Techniques

Remotely sensed data can reinforce the abilities of water resources researchers and decision makers to monitor waterbodies more effectively. Remote sensing techniques have been widely used to measure the qualitative parameters of waterbodies (i.e., suspended sediments, colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), chlorophyll-a, and pollutants). A large number of different sensors on board various satellites and other platforms, such as airplanes, are currently used to measure the amount of radiation at different wavelengths reflected from the water’s surface. In this review paper, various properties (spectral, spatial and temporal, etc.) of the more commonly employed spaceborne and airborne sensors are tabulated to be used as a sensor selection guide. Furthermore, this paper investigates the commonly used approaches and sensors employed in evaluating and quantifying the eleven water quality parameters. The parameters include: chlorophyll-a (chl-a), colored dissolved organic matters (CDOM), Secchi disk depth (SDD), turbidity, total suspended sediments (TSS), water temperature (WT), total phosphorus (TP), sea surface salinity (SSS), dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD)

Evaluating the Anti-Leech Effects of Methanolic Extracts of Peganum harmala L. and Olea europaea L. on Limnatis nilotica. World's Vet

ABSTRACT Leeches had several complications such as pain, itching, inflammation, severe anemia, short-term bleeding, hypersensitivity, and anaphylactic reactions in their hosts. Harmal Peganum harmala L. is used as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent and it has antibacterial activity. Olive Olea europaea L. has antibacterial, anti-viral, hypoglycemic and the relaxation of blood vessels properties. Antioxidant properties of olive also had been reported. This study was carried out to detect the effects of methanolic extracts of P. harmala L. and O. europaea L. on L. nilotica immature form. In 2011, 55 immature leeches collected from the southern area of Ilam province were prepared. The methanolic extract of O. europaea L and P. harmala L. were compared with levamisole as the control drug. Distilled water was evaluated as the placebo group which investigated L. nilotica using anti-leech assay. Then extract and drugs were added and their effects were screened for 720 min and time to paralyze, kill and death of each leech was recorded. The results showed that olive methanolic extractions (600 and 300mg) could kill the leeches in an average time of 145±77.57 and171±33.28 min, respectively. An average death time for levamisole was found to be 15±7.49 min. The highest effectiveness was found for levamisole at dose 300 mg. Methanol extracts of the Harmal (300 and 600 μg/m) and springs water showed no anti-leech. In sum, olive plant could use for anti Limnatis nilotica expenditure

Erosion and Sediment Transport Modelling in Shallow Waters: A Review on Approaches, Models and Applications

The erosion and sediment transport processes in shallow waters, which are discussed in this paper, begin when water droplets hit the soil surface. The transport mechanism caused by the consequent rainfall-runoff process determines the amount of generated sediment that can be transferred downslope. Many significant studies and models are performed to investigate these processes, which differ in terms of their effecting factors, approaches, inputs and outputs, model structure and the manner that these processes represent. This paper attempts to review the related literature concerning sediment transport modelling in shallow waters. A classification based on the representational processes of the soil erosion and sediment transport models (empirical, conceptual, physical and hybrid) is adopted, and the commonly-used models and their characteristics are listed. This review is expected to be of interest to researchers and soil and water conservation managers who are working on erosion and sediment transport phenomena in shallow waters. The paper format should be helpful for practitioners to identify and generally characterize the types of available models, their strengths and their basic scope of applicability