Habilidades cognitivas em idosas usu?rias de benzodiazep?nicos

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:22:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 387813.pdf: 483363 bytes, checksum: 6a6933c6245954ad0a022231ae6d02cd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-01-25A expectativa de vida da popula??o vem aumentando sensivelmente, trazendo um desafio aos profissionais da ?rea da sa?de no que se refere ao entendimento de sua din?mica, de seus problemas e limita??es. O envelhecimento pressup?e algumas altera??es, dentre elas as que se referem ?s habilidades cognitivas, que podem ser potencializadas pelo uso de subst?ncias psicoativas. Com o objetivo de estudar esta tem?tica foi elaborada esta disserta??o que est? composta por dois artigos, sendo um de revis?o te?rica e um emp?rico. No artigo te?rico foi realizada uma revis?o sistem?tica com o objetivo de investigar as caracter?sticas das publica??es indexadas nos ?ltimos 5 anos que versam sobre o tema habilidades cognitivas, benzodiazep?nicos e idosos. Foram cruzadas as palavras-chave nos sistemas Medline, PsycInfo e LILACS. Os abstracts dos artigos foram classificados a partir das dimens?es de an?lise: sistema de indexa??o, ano de publica??o, idioma original, tipo de delineamento, cruzamento de vari?veis, resultados e conclus?es dos estudos. O tratamento dos dados realizou-se por meio de an?lise das freq??ncias percentuais. Os resultados demonstraram que vem sendo feitos estudos relacionados ao uso de benzodizep?nicos, habilidades cognitivas e idosos, entretanto, poucos chegam a conclus?es definitivas e universais. O segundo artigo, emp?rico, responde ao projeto de pesquisa que deu origem a esta disserta??o, e objetivou comparar as habilidades cognitivas de idosas usu?rias de benzodiazep?nicos e n?o usu?rias desta medica??o. O delineamento foi de um estudo quantitativo e transversal. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: Ficha de Dados Sociodemogr?ficos, Breve Entrevista Internacional de Neuropsiquiatria Modificada, Mini-Exame do Estado Mental, Escala de Depress?o Geri?trica, Span de N?meros, Teste de Flu?ncia Verbal - Categoria Animal, Teste de Evoca??o Seletiva Livre e com Pistas (Buschke). A an?lise dos dados foi realizada atrav?s de procedimentos estat?sticos, via programa SPSS. N?o foram encontradas associa??es significativas em rela??o ? mem?ria, aten??o e linguagem entre os grupos de idosas que usam benzodiazep?nicos e o grupo de idosas que n?o usam esta medica??

Shaking table testing of as-built and retrofitted clay brick URM cavity-walls

Masonry cavity-wall construction incorporates a continuous air gap that separates the inner and outer brick leaves of the wall cross-section. This wall configuration was originally developed because of improved thermal performance and in particular reduced moisture transmission across the wall, as the presence of the air-cavity serves to capture and drain moisture back to the building exterior. However, it was subsequently established that clay-brick unreinforced masonry (URM) cavity-wall buildings typ- ically exhibit poor seismic performance due to inadequate connections between the separate masonry leaves in the wall cross-section. Experimental shaking table testing of five cavity-walls was undertaken with an emphasis on developing and experimentally validating simple and efficient retrofit solutions to improve cavity-wall seismic capacity. Wall specimens closely simulated in-situ conditions for the URM cavity-wall arrangements that are most commonly encountered in New Zealand. Two different retrofit solutions were tested, namely, the addition of mechanical screw-ties with different spacings or a combi- nation of mechanical screw-ties and timber strong-backs. Specimen construction details, retrofit proce- dures, test set-up and results are presented herein. Reported results include observed crack-patterns, peak ground acceleration (PGA) corresponding to both induced initial cracking and failure, acceleration and displacement profiles at failure, and quantification of the improvement in seismic capacity from using the proposed retrofit techniques

Unreinforced stone masonry buildings in New Zealand: Inventory and material characterisation

The high seismic vulnerability of unreinforced stone masonry (URM) buildings was once again demonstrated in the recent Canterbury earthquakes (2010-2011). The shortage of knowledge about New Zealand historic URM buildings, and about techniques for their conservation, led to numerous losses, both in terms of lives and architectural heritage. Almost all URM buildings in New Zealand were constructed between 1860 and 1910, typically in regions where natural stone (in particular basalt, schist and limestone) was sourced from local quarries, fields and rivers. There are estimated to be approximately 688 URM buildings in New Zealand, with most being a potential earthquake risk. As a first step, an inventory of the URM buildings of New Zealand was compiled, listing location, construction details and architectural configuration. A further development was the inspection of representative case study buildings, where architectural characteristics and extracted material samples were obtained. Compressive tests and petrographical analyses were undertaken on natural stone specimens, while compressive strength and mineralogical composition were determined for mortar samples. The aim of the study reported herein was to acquire a thorough understanding of the mechanical and physical properties of these URM buildings in order to assess seismic vulnerability factors and potential seismic improvement solutions

Seismic assessment and improvement of unreinforced stone masonry buildings: Literature review and application to New Zealand

Following the 2010/2011 Canterbury earthquakes considerable effort was applied to the task of developing industry guidance for the seismic assessment, repair and strengthening of unreinforced masonry buildings. The recently updated \u201cSection 10\u201d of NZSEE 2006 is one of the primary outputs from these efforts, in which a minor amount of information is introduced regarding vintage stone unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings. Further information is presented herein to extend the resources readily available to New Zealand practitioners regarding load-bearing stone URM buildings via a literature review of the traditional European approach to this topic and its applicability to the New Zealand stone URM building stock. An informative background to typical stone URM construction is presented, including population, geometric, structural and material characteristics. The European seismic vulnerability assessment procedure is then reported, explaining each step in sequence of assessment by means of preliminary inspection (photographic, geometric, structural and crack pattern surveys) and investigation techniques, concluding with details of seismic improvement interventions. The challenge in selecting the appropriate intervention for each existing URM structure is associated with reconciling the differences between heritage conservation and engineering perspectives to reinstating the original structural strength. Traditional and modern techniques are discussed herein with the goal of preserving heritage values and ensuring occupant safety. A collection of Annexes are provided that summarise the presented information in terms of on-site testing, failure mechanisms and seismic improvement

An inventory of unreinforced load-bearing stone masonry buildings in New Zealand

Almost all unreinforced stone masonry (URSM) buildings in New Zealand were constructed between 1860 and 1910, typically in regions where natural stone was sourced from local quarries, fields and rivers. These buildings form an important part of the country\u2019s architectural heritage, but the performance of URSM buildings during earthquake induced shaking can differ widely due to many aspects related to the constituent construction materials and type of masonry wall cross-section morphology. Consequently, as a step towards gaining greater knowledge of the New Zealand URSM building stock and its features, an exercise was undertaken to identify and document the country-wide URSM building inventory. The compiled building inventory database includes: (i) general building information, such as address, building owner/tenant and building use; (ii) architectural configuration, such as approximate floor area, number of storeys, connection with other buildings, plan and elevation regularity; and (iii) masonry type, such as stone and mortar types, wall texture and wall cross-section morphology. From this exercise it is estimated that there is in excess of 668 URSM buildings currently in existence throughout New Zealand. A large number of these vintage URSM buildings require detailed seismic assessment and the implementation of seismic strengthening interventions in order to conserve and enhance this component of New Zealand\u2019s cultural and national identity. The entire stock of identified buildings is reported in the appended annex (688 total), including 20 URSM buildings that were demolished following the Canterbury earthquake sequence

Post-Earthquake Reconnaissance of Unreinforced and Retrofitted Masonry Parapets

Unrestrained unreinforced clay brick masonry (URM) parapets are freestanding wall elements found atop a large number of vintage URM buildings. Parapets are considered to be one of the most vulnerable nonstructural components that are prone to out-of-plane collapse when subjected to earthquake induced shaking. Using data collected during the earthquake reconnaissance efforts, 959 URM parapets were identify to be in existence in the Christchurch (New Zealand) area prior to 2010, with 60% (580) of them having collapsed during the 2010/2011 Canterbury earthquake sequence. Construction details and observed performance of both as-built and retrofitted parapets were documented. The reported study provides an inventory of observed parapet failure modes and a critical review of commonly encountered parapet retrofits and their respective seismic performance

Retrofitting URM cavity walls for out-of-plane composite behaviour

Experimental research has been performed previously to measure the out-of-plane (OOP) seis-mic performance of in-situ and retrofitted unreinforced clay brick masonry (URM) walls with solid thickness-es of contiguous and overlapped masonry leaves. However, comparatively little experimental research has been performed on URM walls with cavities (such as continuous air gaps separating leaves of brick from one another), despite the prominence of cavity masonry construction in various parts of the world. Hence, re-search was pursued with an emphasis on efficiently retrofitting URM cavity walls to enable the formation of composite behaviour when subjected to simulated seismic OOP loading consisting of both quasi-static load-ing of existing wall panels using airbags and dynamic loading of laboratory specimens using a shake table. Eleven tests were performed on URM cavity wall panels. The intended outcomes of the research reported herein included measuring the improvement of strength and displacement capacities of URM cavity walls due to retrofit improvements in which separated cavity wall leaves were connected together using various types, quantities, and spacings of ties; comparing the difference in measured capacities and cracking behaviour be-tween quasi-static airbag testing and dynamic shake table testing; establishing an equivalent solid wall thick-ness for retrofitted cavity walls for use in existing OOP predictive models; and developing a provisional pre-dictive model for estimating the capacity of URM cavity walls retrofitted to behave semi-compositely or fully compositely

In-Plane Strengthening of Clay Brick and Block Masonry Walls Using Textile-Reinforced Mortar

This study evaluates the use of a composite material composed of multiaxial hybrid glass-fibers and polypropylene fabric coated in a hydraulic lime-based mortar (referred to as textile-reinforced mortar) to improve the in-plane shear strength and displacement capacity of solid clay-brick and hollow clay-block masonry walls with the aim of defining a comprehensive test protocol. Design parameters of the adopted strengthening system are investigated, and both single-sided and double-sided configurations for application on wall surfaces are considered. The influence of the presence of an external thermal insulation layer on walls' in-plane performance is also considered. The first stage characterizes the materials, their bonding properties, and the initial shear strength of the masonry bed-joints. The second stage investigates the in-plane behavior of strengthened masonry wall panels using diagonal compression testing. No premature debonding is observed, even with no mechanical anchorage between the masonry substrate and the strengthening layer. Out-of-plane deformation due to structural asymmetry is observed in the single-sided strengthening configuration