Manejos espaciales, construcción de paisajes y legitimación territorial: En torno al concepto de monumento. Spatial management, landscape construction and territorial legitimacy: About the concept of monument

El presente trabajo planea sobre la necesidad de entender los monumentos dentro del contexto de una arena social espacialmente definida, considerando la distinción entre el espacio físico y el espacio social. Así, entenderemos que a través de su conceptualización como nexo entre el pasado y el presente, como garantes de la memoria, participan activamente en diferentes manejos del espacio, construcciones del paisaje y estrategias de legitimización de territorios. En este sentido, centrando nuestra atención en los monumentos funerarios, plantearemos aquí un recorrido por diferentes posiciones teóricas que vienen interpretando la naturaleza y el sentido de la arquitectura en arqueología. Consideraremos así una asociación entre los grupos humanos y el territorio, e iremos entonces revisando diferentes puntos de vista acerca del modo en que los monumentos adquieren su especial protagonismo para la construcción y la representación de la identidad, la legitimidad y los bordes espacio- temporales dentro del grupo humano y la cultura que los ha construido.This paper glides over the necessity of understand the monuments into a spatial defined social arena context. Thus, through its contextualization as links between past and present, as memory guarantors, they will share in different space managements, landscape construction and territorial legitimacy strategies. In this sense, we will centralize our attention on mortuary monuments in order to show a run across the differents theorical positions that interpret the nature and sense of architecture in archaeology. So, we will consider an association among human groups and territory, and we will checking different points of view about the mode in which the monuments acquire their special leading role in the construction and representation of identity, legitimacy and time-spatial borders into their constructor human group and culture

Cry the Frogs, Marry the Waters, Stop the Winds. Rituals For Attract Rain in Central and Southern Andes

Este trabajo presenta un estudio bibliográfico y plantea un estado de la cuestión sobre los rituales para llamar la lluvia en el centro y sur andino, tratando de sintetizar puntos comunes dentro de sus múltiples variables. Para ello se presta especial atención a las instancias de invocación por un lado y a las ofrendas por otro, sin perder de vista el proceder de los ritualistas a la hora de hacer llegar las segundas a las primeras.This paper presents a literature review and the state of the question on rituals to call the rain in central and southern Andes, due to synthesize commonalities within their multiple variables. I pay particular attention to instances of invocation, offerings, and the conduct of ritualistas (ritual specialists)

Acontecimientos y regularidades chullparias: más allá de las tipologías. Reflexiones en torno a la construcción del paisaje chullpario

Considerando la heterogeneidad formal de las torres chullpa, su vasta área de dispersión y su dilatada secuencia temporal, partimos aquí de la idea de que tratar de establecer una tipología única, tendente a diseñar una secuencia cronológica a partir de sus rasgos arquitectónicos, constituye un ejercicio dificultoso cuyos resultados pueden empañar notablemente la interpretación del fenómeno chullpario. Ante estas circunstancias, recurrimos a la idea de chullpas-en-el-paisaje como pieza clave en el diseño de un modelo de manejo (simbólico) del Tiempo y del Espacio. Así, planteamos este trabajo como un ejercicio integrador de la función social de las estructuras chullparias, su dimensión territorial y su expresión ideológica. En estos términos, hablaremos de acontecimientos para designar la interrelación de estructuras chullparias, ideología y relaciones de poder, monumentalizada de manera particular en cada conjunto chullpario. Del mismo modo, entenderemos por regularidades aquellas formas de relación de las torres chullpa con su entorno, y a partir de las cuales se están proporcionando ‘soluciones chullparias’ a las tensiones territoriales.Cosidering the chullpa tower formal heterogeneity, its extensive dispersion area, and its vast temporal sequence, we think here that the idea of dealing with a unique typology, in order to draw a chronological sequence, starting from its architectural characteristics represents a complicated exercise whose results could blur the chullparian phenomenon interpretation. According to this circunstances, we resorted to the idea of chullpas-in-the-landscape as key piece for the desing of a Time and Space (symbolic) management model. Thus, this study is set up as an integrating exercise of social function of the chullparian structures, its territorial dimension and its ideological expression. In these terms, we will refer as "happenings" to designate the interrelation of the chullparian structures, ideology, and power relations, emphasizing its importance in each chullparian context. Likewise, we will refer as "regularities" to designate those relation forms of chullpa towers with their environment and starting from which "chullparian solutions" to territorial tensions are being provided

The planetary nebula IC 4776 and its post-common-envelope binary central star

We present a detailed analysis of IC 4776, a planetary nebula displaying a morphology believed to be typical of central star binarity. The nebula is shown to comprise a compact hourglass-shaped central region and a pair of precessing jet-like structures. Time-resolved spectroscopy of its central star reveals periodic radial velocity variability consistent with a binary system. While the data are insufficient to accurately determine the parameters of the binary, the most likely solutions indicate that the secondary is probably a low-mass main sequence star. An empirical analysis of the chemical abundances in IC 4776 indicates that the common-envelope phase may have cut short the AGB evolution of the progenitor. Abundances calculated from recombination lines are found to be discrepant by a factor of approximately two relative to those calculated using collisionally excited lines, suggesting a possible correlation between low abundance discrepancy factors and intermediate-period post-common-envelope central stars and/or Wolf-Rayet central stars. The detection of a radial velocity variability associated with binarity in the central star of IC 4776 may be indicative of a significant population of (intermediate-period) post-common-envelope binary central stars which would be undetected by classic photometric monitoring techniques.Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRA

Transient subdiffusion from an Ising environment

We introduce a model, in which a particle performs a continuous time random walk (CTRW) coupled to an environment with Ising dynamics. The particle shows locally varying diffusivity determined by the geometrical properties of the underlying Ising environment, that is, the diffusivity depends on the size of the connected area of spins pointing in the same direction. The model shows anomalous diffusion when the Ising environment is at critical temperature. We show that any finite scale introduced by a temperature different from the critical one, or a finite size of the environment, cause subdiffusion only during a transient time. The characteristic time, at which the system returns to normal diffusion after the subdiffusive plateau depends on the limiting scale and on how close the temperature is to criticality. The system also displays apparent ergodicity breaking at intermediate time, while ergodicity breaking at longer time occurs only under the idealized infinite environment at the critical temperature.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figure

De casa al cerro pasando por la iglesia. El culto al Señor de Quillacas en una comunidad de Nor Lípez (Potosí, Bolivia)

El Señor de Quillacas es una de las imágenes más veneradas en Bolivia, un Cristo crucificado especialmente considerado por su fama de milagrero, que extiende su protección sobre los ganados. En este trabajo se presenta un estudio etnográfico sobre el origen y la naturaleza de su fiesta en la comunidad de Santiago (Nor Lípez, Potosí, Bolivia), con especial atención a 1) la definición de los elementos propios del costumbre tradicional andino y el culto popular a los santos que convergen en ella, y 2) la delimitación de los distintos espacios ceremoniales (tradicionales y católicos) que componen la escena del ritual y la celebración social.The Lord of Quillacas is one of the most revered images in Bolivia; it is a crucified Christ especially considered by his reputation as miracle worker, which extends its protection over the cattle. This paper presents an ethnographic study on the origin and nature of his fiesta in the community of Santiago (Nor Lipez, Potosi, Bolivia), with special attention to 1) the definition of the elements of Andean traditional costumbre (custom) and popular saints-cult that converge on it, and 2) the definition of the different ceremonial spaces (traditional and Catholic) that compose the scene of ritual and social celebration

A la sombra de los mallkus. Tradición oral, ritualidad y ordenamiento del paisaje en una comunidad de Nor Lípez (Potosí, Bolivia)

This paper shows an ethnography of the two mountains guardians of a community in Nor Lipez (Potosi, Bolivia), paying attention to their prominence in oral tradition and landscape management. First of all, I analyse a group of tails about those I will call «mythic landscape» of this two both mountains, dated from an immemorial time and related to an Inca civilizing an anthropomorphic landscape in conflict. Then, considering the spatial implications of the annual ritual for drawing to the rain celebrated in this community, I point out different lines in order to define the «landscape rituality» unfolded around this two both mountains

Paisajes para un topónimo. Reflexiones fenomenológicas sobre la aprehensión inca y española de los espacios de Lipes (altiplano sur andino)

Partiendo de las descripciones corográficas del Altiplano de Lípez realizadas durante la Colonia, este trabajo plantea un análisis del topónimo Lipes desde la interpretación de su composición paisajística. Considerando las raíces llipi (quechua y aymara) y lipi (aymara), se plantean y analizan dos metáforas y una metonimia que permiten acometer la etimología del topónimo desde las imágenes de una tierra refulgente pero a la vez yerma, y desde las alusiones a un arte cinegética para la captura de vicuñas. A partir de estos juegos de sentido, se alcanza a componer una representación de Lipes en tanto que paisaje de paisajes, definido desde evocaciones a una tierra estéril, mal poblada, habitada por gente pobre y ruin, y caracterizado por los estereotipos de unos espacios y unas gentes salvajes y por domesticar; una imagen compuesta originariamente por los incas y mantenida y reformulada por los españoles.From colonial chorographic descriptions of Lípez Highlands, this paper poses a Lipes toponym analysis from the interpretation of its landscape composition. Considering the roots llipi (quechua and aymara languages) and lipi (aymara), I present and analyse two metaphors and one metonymy due to study its etymology from the image of a shiny but arid land, and the allusions to a hunting art for capturing vicunas. Thus, from this plays of sense, I manage to compose a Lipes representation as a landscape of landscapes, which is defined from sterile land, bad settled, inhabited by poor and ruin people evocations, and characterized by the stereotypes of spaces and peoples savages and pendant to be tamed; an image originally compound by Incas and continued and reformulated by Spaniards