Bell's Theorem and Chemical Potential

Chemical potential is a property which involves the effect of interaction between the components of a system, and it results from the whole system. In this paper, we argue that for two particles which have interacted via their spins and are now spatially separated, the so-called Bell's locality condition implies that the chemical potential of each particle is an individual property. Here is a point where quantum statistical mechanics and the local hidden variable theories are in conflict. Based on two distinct concepts of chemical potential, the two theories predict two different patterns for the energy levels of a system of two entangled particles. In this manner, we show how one can distinguish the non-separable features of a two-particle system.Comment: 11 pages,1 figure, To appear in J. Phy. A: Math. Gen., Special Issue: Foundations of Quantum Theor

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of the poly-<i>o</i>-aminophenol film

177-183The technique of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy has been. employed to study the conductivity of poly-o-aminophenol film under different conditions and to 'test the validity of the transmission line model. In this regard, the effect of dc offset potential, film thickness, temperature and pH on the conductivity of the film has been studied. It is shown that reduced form of the polymeric film is more conductive than oxidized form. The semiconductivity is revealed to be p-type through the application of the Mott-Schottky equation

Hydrogen absorption and desorption reaction on the platinum electrode

1149-1155The processes of adsorption and evolution of hydrogen as well as its absorption onto the surface of platinum in both acidic and alkaline media have been studied by the method of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. In acidic solutions the Nyquist plots consist of two overlapping semi-circles of variable diameters depending on the extent of the cathodic dc-potential offset. The semicircle at the high frequency side of the spectrum enlarges upon increasing the cathodic shift and is associated to the surface Hupd, while the size of the semicircle at the low frequency end decreases in line with the behavior of the charge transfer resistance due to the evolution of hydrogen through surface Hopd. Equivalent circuits in perfect agreement with the experimental fin ding have been proposed and the values of the circuit elements and their correspondence with the electrochemistry of the processes discussed. In alkaline solutions only one semicircle with its diameter decreasing upon the cathodic shift has been observed which is exclusively due to the process of evolution of hydrogen through Hopd

Electrochemical study of the slowly adsorbed H+/H species on platinum electrodes

877-881Prolonged soaking of flame treated polycrystalline platinum surfaces in aqueous solutions of various inorganic acids for periods of hours to week resulted in formation of a new adsorbed H+(ads) / H (ads) couple as exhibited by a new redox peak in cyclic voltammetric study of the system. This adsorbed couple which has not been reported previously is accompanied by the adsorbed anionic species in two oxidation states. ln the case of sulphuric acid, the reduction of the oxidized form of adsorbed anion, namely persulphate, appears at ~ 450 mV/SCE while that of H+(ads) appears at 200mV/SCE at a potential sweep rate of 100mV/s. Both couples which are formed via the slow adsorption of species from aqueous solutions do not leave the surface upon cycling the potential between -400 to to 1400m V/ SCE and are clearly distinguished from their fast-equilibrating counterparts which exhibit peaks at different positions in the same voltammogram. Based on the amount adsorbed per unit area of platinum and the change of the size of the fast equilibrated hydrogen peak, it is tempting to assume H+(ads) residing beneath and H(ads) on the surface

A study of the electrochemical absorption and diffusion of hydrogen into mercury in acidic solution

295-299The electrochemical adsorption and diffusion (dissolution) of hydrogen into mercury have been studied by the methods of cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy. In the potential range of -0.15 to -1.5 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) two peaks at -0.4 and -0.8 V have been observed and are associated with the adsorption and absorption of hydrogen. Impedance studies exhibit two overlapping semi-circles terminating in a straight line in the low potential region. The size of the semi-circles increases as the potential is raised and is attributed to the increased resistive effect of the dissolved hydrogen. The value of the real component upon increasing the measurement potential to -0.9 V is followed by a sharp decrease at higher potential and indicate the removal of the adsorbed as well as adsorbed hydrogen atoms through the HER routes

A study of the underpotential deposited hydrogen on the nickel deposited electrode in alkaline media

1208-1211Hydrogen evolution reaction has been studied on the nickel deposited electrode. Two reduction peaks at -1 V/Ag-AgCl and -1.3V/Ag-AgCl and one oxidation peak at - 1.3V/Ag-AgCl have been observed. Shift due to oxidation peak arises from change of cathodic limit, attributed to the two competitive reactions on the surface. The peak located on the more anodic side is due to the oxidation of HUPD and the second peak due to the oxidation of HOPD The sodium ion has no effect on the hydrogen evolution reaction. The diffusion coefficient of hydrogen is calculated to be D=2.88×10-10 cm2 s-1 using impedance technique

Adsorption and absorption of hydrogen species on silver electrode in alkaline solution

516-519The processes of adsorption and absorption of H atoms on silver electrode in alkaline media has been studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The potential range in the CV studies has been between -0.1 and -1.6 V /Ag-AgCl. In the first cycle, two cathodic and three anodic peaks have been observed. The H atom electrosorption current peak at ca. -0.6 V/Ag-AgCl, which appears at second cycle, is assigned to hydrogen absorption states. Nyquist plots consist of two overlapping semi-circles of variable diameters depending on the extent of the cathodic dc-potential offset. Hydrogen absorption occurs simultaneously with the hydrogen evolution reaction and competes with it. The H atoms are converted to H2 rather than being sorbed into the polycrystalline Ag when the potential is more negative. These H atoms in the bulk of Ag electrode can be removed only by heating the electrode on flame

Study of electrocatalytic properties of platinum-loaded poly-ortho-aminophenol film towards methanol oxidation and hydrogen evolution

2015-2023Platinum microparticles electrodeposited at a glassy carbon surface (Pt/GC) and within a poly-ortho-aminophenol film formed on a GC substrate (Pt/PoAP/GC) have been used for investigating their catalytic activity towards hydrogen evolution reaction and methanol oxidation by cyclic voltammetry, impedance spectroscopy and chronoamperometry. The effect of the deposition time (tdcp) of the Pt particles dispersed into GC and PoAP electrodes and of the acid anions (SO42-, ClO4ˉ) on the hydrogen adsorption/desorption peaks and hydrogen evolution reaction has been studied. It has been shown that the main cause of immediate blocking of the PoAP-SO42- pores with platinum microparticles is its smaller scaling yardstick. The higher electrocatalytic activity of the PoAP as compared to that of GC due to its higher surface area for the methanol oxidation has been proved by a substantial improvement in transition current in chronoamperometric and in the maximum anodic current of the methanol in cyclic voltammetric measurements

DFT and Experimental Study of the Host–Guest Interactions Effect on the Structure, Properties, and Electro-Catalytic Activities of N₂O₂–Ni(II) Schiff-Base Complexes Incorporated into Zeolite

Ni^II-(<i>N</i>,<i>N</i>′-bis­(2,4-dihydroxyacetophenone)-2,2-dimethylpropandiimine (Ni^II{salnptn­(4-OH)₂}) complex has been encapsulated within the supercage of zeolite-NaY by reacting Ni²⁺-exchanged NaY with the flexible Schiff-base ligand that diffuses into the cavities. The encapsulated complex is characterized by EDX, scanning electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, FT-IR, and cyclic voltammetry studies. Density functional calculation is being carried out on both the free nickel Schiff-base complex and that encapsulated in NaY zeolite to investigate changes in structural parameters, energies of the HOMO and LUMO, and absolute hardness and softness. Electrochemical properties of the NaY zeolite-encapsulated Ni^II{salnptn­(4-OH)₂}-modified carbon paste electrode and the Pt electrode modified with the film derived from the electro-polymerization of this complex are studied. These modified electrodes show electro-catalytic activity toward the oxidation of methanol and other short-chain aliphatic alcohols. The results show two different oxidation mechanisms on the surface of these modified electrodes. The effect of some parameters such as potential scan rate, concentration of alcohols, and the corresponding rate laws have been derived. Furthermore, the rate constants for the catalytic reaction (<i>k</i>′) of alcohols are obtained