Effects of passages through a suitable host of the fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae, on the virulence of acaricide-susceptible and resistant strains of the tick, Rhipicephalus microplus.

The aim of this work was to assess the virulence of strain M379 of the fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) after different passages through a suitable host and at different concentrations for the control of both acaricide-susceptible and resistant strains of the tick, Rhipicephalus (formerly Boophilus) microplus Canestrini (Ixodida:Ixodidae) in vitro. The highest value of LC50 for the susceptible strain corresponded to zero passage with 7.68 × 107 conidia/ml followed by the fourth passage with 2.68 × 107, which reduced 2.87-fold the lethal concentration. When comparing LC50 values of the fourth vs. the seventh passage (2.59 × 105 conidia/ml), the lethal concentration was reduced 103.47-fold by the seventh passage. In addition, in the resistant strain the LC50 highest value corresponded to zero passage with 4.95 × 107 conidia/ml followed by the fourth passage with 7.86 × 106, which reduced 6.30-fold the lethal concentration. When comparing LC50 values of the fourth vs. the seventh passage (1.04 × 105 conidia/ml) in the resistant strain, the lethal concentration was reduced 75.58-fold by the seventh passage. These results suggest that the number of passages on M. anisopliae through a suitable host increased its virulence on both R. microplus strains. When comparing LC50 of the zero passage through a suitable host of both acaricide-susceptible and resistant strains, the highest LC50 values corresponded to the susceptible strain with 7.68 × 107 conidia/ml followed by the resistant one with 4.95 × 107, showing that on the resistant strain the lethal concentration is reduced by 1.55-fold. When comparing the fourth passage, the highest values of LC50 corresponded to the susceptible strain with 2.68 x 107 conidia/ml followed by the resistant one with 7.86 × 106 conidia/ml, showing for the resistant strain a 3.41-fold reduced lethal concentration. Moreover, when comparing the seventh passages, the highest values of LC50 corresponded to the susceptible strain with 2.59 × 105 followed by the resistant with 1.04 × 105 conidia/ml, revealing for the resistant strain a 2.49-fold reduced lethal concentration. These results suggest that the resistant strain needs a lower concentration of conidia than the susceptible strain. In this case, the acaricide-resistant strain is more susceptible to M. anisopliae of zero- and seven-passage strains

Congreso Internacional euro-latinoamericano y caribeño: "La necesaria creación de un espacio de un espacio cultural birregional: valores, principios y propuestas"

Actas del Congreso Internacional euro-latinoamericano y caribeño: "La necesaria creación de un espacio de un espacio cultural birregional: valores, principios y propuestas" celebrado en el Monasterio de Yuste (Cáceres, España) del 22 al 24 de septiembre de 2021.El documento "Algunas miradas a la cooperación internacional en materia de cultura de 2000 a 2021 de España: Caso Colombia y Cuba / Laurita Botero Botero y Cecilia Yadira Benítez" fue realizado en el marco del proyecto de investigación y desarrollo PID 2020 No. 80020190100051UR “Agendas y actores multinivel de la cooperación internacional argentina: realizaciones y proyecciones en el primer cuarto de siglo XXI (2000-2025) de la Universidad Nacional de Rosario (Argentina), dirigido por la Dra Myriam Colacrai.Presentación / Adrián Bonilla y Cástor Díaz Barrado (p. V). -- Introducción / Diego Durán Cruz (p. VI). -- La cooperación cultural Iberoamericana. Mosaico de perspectivas, agendas y actores involucrados / Miryam Colacrai (pp. 1-5). -- Cooperación cultural: nuevos contextos y potencialidades en el ámbito birregional Europa-América Latina / Mónica García Alonso (pp. 6-10). -- La implementación de la Agenda 2030 en el ámbito cultural / Carlos R. Fernández Liesa (p. 11). -- Una visión desde Cuba sobre la necesaria creación de un espacio cultural eurolatinoamericano: valores, principios y propuestas / Juan Mendoza Díaz (pp. 12-15). -- Minorías étnicas y Constitución política de 1991 en Colombia / Roberto González Arana (pp. 16-20). -- Género y diversidad cultural: elementos clave para el fortalecimiento cultural en América Latina / Diana M. Verdiales López (pp. 21-25). -- Las expresiones del racismo moderno y racismo cordial promueven la vulneración de derechos de las minorías afrodescendientes en Colombia. Ideas para la discusión / Ivonne Samira Molinares Guerrero (pp. 26-30). -- La falta de protagonismo de la cultura en la Agenda 2030 / Sagrario Morán Blanco (pp. 31-34). -- La Carta Cultural Iberoamericana, las industrias culturales y creativas / Ana Idalia Castellanos (pp. 35-39). -- La Carta Cultural Iberoamericana: su utilidad en la cooperación Unión Europea-CELAC / Harold Bertot Triana y Elena C. Díaz Galán (pp. 40-43). -- Relaciones culturales UE-LAC: EUNIC y sus proyectos con Latinoamerica y El Caribe / Cristina Peregrina Leyva (pp. 44-59). -- Algunas miradas a la cooperación internacional en materia de cultura de 2000 a 2021 de España: Caso Colombia y Cuba / Laurita Botero Botero y Cecilia Yadira Benítez (pp. 60-70). -- El cine como expresión cultural imprescindible para la educación en Derechos Humanos en el espacio euro-latinoamericano / Andrés Felipe Ricaurte Pazmiño (pp. 71-82). -- Lo que todo iberoamericano debe conocer sobre Iberoamérica: un currículo educativo integral orientado a un pasado, presente y futuro conjunto / Izan Chalen Paredes (pp. 83-96). -- El papel de las lenguas ibéricas en la creación de un espacio iberoamericano del conocimiento / Javier Abellán (pp. 97-110). -- La cooperación cultural en el espacio eurolatinoamericano como respuesta a los retos globales del siglo XXI / Edith Ruvalcaba Galindo (pp. 111-132)

Neotropical ornithology: Reckoning with historical assumptions, removing systemic barriers, and reimagining the future

A major barrier to advancing ornithology is the systemic exclusion of professionals from the Global South. A recent special feature, Advances in Neotropical Ornithology, and a shortfalls analysis therein, unintentionally followed a long-standing pattern of highlighting individuals, knowledge, and views from the Global North, while largely omitting the perspectives of people based within the Neotropics. Here, we review current strengths and opportunities in the practice of Neotropical ornithology. Further, we discuss problems with assessing the state of Neotropical ornithology through a northern lens, including discovery narratives, incomplete (and biased) understanding of history and advances, and the promotion of agendas that, while currently popular in the north, may not fit the needs and realities of Neotropical research. We argue that future advances in Neotropical ornithology will critically depend on identifying and addressing the systemic barriers that hold back ornithologists who live and work in the Neotropics: unreliable and limited funding, exclusion from international research leadership, restricted dissemination of knowledge (e.g., through language hegemony and citation bias), and logistical barriers. Moving forward, we must examine and acknowledge the colonial roots of our discipline, and explicitly promote anti-colonial agendas for research, training, and conservation. We invite our colleagues within and beyond the Neotropics to join us in creating new models of governance that establish research priorities with vigorous participation of ornithologists and communities within the Neotropical region. To include a diversity of perspectives, we must systemically address discrimination and bias rooted in the socioeconomic class system, anti-Blackness, anti-Brownness, anti-Indigeneity, misogyny, homophobia, tokenism, and ableism. Instead of seeking individual excellence and rewarding top-down leadership, institutions in the North and South can promote collective leadership. In adopting these approaches, we, ornithologists, will join a community of researchers across academia building new paradigms that can reconcile our relationships and transform science. Spanish and Portuguese translations are available in the Supplementary Material.• Research conducted by ornithologists living and working in Latin America and the Caribbean has been historically and systemically excluded from global scientific paradigms, ultimately holding back ornithology as a discipline.• To avoid replicating systems of exclusion in ornithology, authors, editors, reviewers, journals, scientific societies, and research institutions need to interrupt long-held assumptions, improve research practices, and change policies around funding and publication.• To advance Neotropical ornithology and conserve birds across the Americas, institutions should invest directly in basic field biology research, reward collective leadership, and strengthen funding and professional development opportunities for people affected by current research policies.Peer reviewe