Steady MHD Free Convection Flow with Thermal Radiation past a Vertical Porous Plate Immersed in a Porous Medium

Abstract: The present study is concerned with thermal radiation in a steady two-dimensional MHD free convection flow through a porous vertical flat plate immersed in a porous medium. In the analysis a DarcyForchhemier model is considered while the fluid is taken to be gray, absorbing-emitting radiation. The nonlinear governing equations have been transformed by the usual similarity transformation to a system of ordinary differential equations. These dimensionless similar equations are then solved numerically employing the Nachtsheim-Swigert shooting iteration technique along with sixth order Runge-Kutta integration scheme. Finally the effects of the pertinent parameters are examined

Coronavirus disease 2019 and future pandemics: Impacts on livestock health and production and possible mitigation measures

The World Health Organization declared coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) a pandemic on March 11, 2020. COVID-19, the current global health emergency, is wreaking havoc on human health systems and, to a lesser degree, on animals globally. The outbreak has continued since the first report of COVID-19 in China in December 2019, and the second and third waves of the outbreak have already begun in several countries. COVID-19 is expected to have adverse effects on crop production, food security, integrated pest control, tourism, the car industry, and other sectors of the global economy. COVID-19 induces a range of effects in livestock that is reflected economically since human health and livelihood are intertwined with animal health. We summarize the potentially harmful effects of COVID-19 on livestock and possible mitigation steps in response to this global outbreak. Mitigation of the negative effects of COVID-19 and future pandemics on livestock requires the implementation of current guidelines

Sustainable Antibiotic-Free Broiler Meat Production: Current Trends, Challenges, and Possibilities in a Developing Country Perspective

Antibiotic-free broiler meat production is becoming increasingly popular worldwide due to consumer perception that it is superior to conventional broiler meat. Globally, broiler farming impacts the income generation of low-income households, helping to alleviate poverty and secure food in the countryside and in semi-municipal societies. For decades, antibiotics have been utilized in the poultry industry to prevent and treat diseases and promote growth. This practice contributes to the development of drug-resistant bacteria in livestock, including poultry, and humans through the food chain, posing a global public health threat. Additionally, consumer demand for antibiotic-free broiler meat is increasing. However, there are many challenges that need to be overcome by adopting suitable strategies to produce antibiotic-free broiler meat with regards to food safety and chicken welfare issues. Herein, we focus on the importance and current scenario of antibiotic use, prospects, and challenges in the production of sustainable antibiotic-free broiler meat, emphasizing broiler farming in the context of Bangladesh. Moreover, we also discuss the need for and challenges of antibiotic alternatives and provide a future outlook for antibiotic-free broiler meat production

Global, regional, and national sex-specific burden and control of the HIV epidemic, 1990-2019, for 204 countries and territories: the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2019

Background: The sustainable development goals (SDGs) aim to end HIV/AIDS as a public health threat by 2030. Understanding the current state of the HIV epidemic and its change over time is essential to this effort. This study assesses the current sex-specific HIV burden in 204 countries and territories and measures progress in the control of the epidemic. Methods: To estimate age-specific and sex-specific trends in 48 of 204 countries, we extended the Estimation and Projection Package Age-Sex Model to also implement the spectrum paediatric model. We used this model in cases where age and sex specific HIV-seroprevalence surveys and antenatal care-clinic sentinel surveillance data were available. For the remaining 156 of 204 locations, we developed a cohort-incidence bias adjustment to derive incidence as a function of cause-of-death data from vital registration systems. The incidence was input to a custom Spectrum model. To assess progress, we measured the percentage change in incident cases and deaths between 2010 and 2019 (threshold >75% decline), the ratio of incident cases to number of people living with HIV (incidence-to-prevalence ratio threshold <0·03), and the ratio of incident cases to deaths (incidence-to-mortality ratio threshold <1·0). Findings: In 2019, there were 36·8 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 35·1–38·9) people living with HIV worldwide. There were 0·84 males (95% UI 0·78–0·91) per female living with HIV in 2019, 0·99 male infections (0·91–1·10) for every female infection, and 1·02 male deaths (0·95–1·10) per female death. Global progress in incident cases and deaths between 2010 and 2019 was driven by sub-Saharan Africa (with a 28·52% decrease in incident cases, 95% UI 19·58–35·43, and a 39·66% decrease in deaths, 36·49–42·36). Elsewhere, the incidence remained stable or increased, whereas deaths generally decreased. In 2019, the global incidence-to-prevalence ratio was 0·05 (95% UI 0·05–0·06) and the global incidence-to-mortality ratio was 1·94 (1·76–2·12). No regions met suggested thresholds for progress. Interpretation: Sub-Saharan Africa had both the highest HIV burden and the greatest progress between 1990 and 2019. The number of incident cases and deaths in males and females approached parity in 2019, although there remained more females with HIV than males with HIV. Globally, the HIV epidemic is far from the UNAIDS benchmarks on progress metrics. Funding: The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the National Institute of Mental Health of the US National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the National Institute on Aging of the NIH

Steady MHD Free Convection Flow with Thermal Radiation past a Vertical Porous Plate Immersed in a Porous Medium

Abstract: The present study is concerned with thermal radiation in a steady two-dimensional MHD free convection flow through a porous vertical flat plate immersed in a porous medium. In the analysis a DarcyForchhemier model is considered while the fluid is taken to be gray, absorbing-emitting radiation. The nonlinear governing equations have been transformed by the usual similarity transformation to a system of ordinary differential equations. These dimensionless similar equations are then solved numerically employing the Nachtsheim-Swigert shooting iteration technique along with sixth order Runge-Kutta integration scheme. Finally the effects of the pertinent parameters are examined

Preparation and Characterization of Dye Sensitized Solar Cell Using Natural Dye Extract from Red Amaranth (Amaranthus sp.) as Sensitizer

Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) were assembled with crystalline titanium dioxide (TiO2) coating on a conductive glass (Indium doped tin oxide, ITO) and absorbed with a novel natural dye extracted from red amaranth (Amaranthus sp.). Solvents of various polarities such as water, ethanol, methanol and acetone were used to extract the dye. Dye sensitization time of TiO2 electrode and solvent for extracting dyes were optimized considering photoelectric output. Again, different polar portions of crude dyes were separated using various polar solvents by means of thin layer and column chromatography technique. The best light to electricity conversion efficiency was obtained when sensitization time of electrode was 30 min and dyes were extracted by acetone in crude form. Sample showed maximum cell voltage 0.492 V, current density 0.78 mA/cm2 and cell efficiency 0.22%

Assessment of some demographic trends of Spadenose shark (<em>Scoliodon laticaudus</em>) of the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh

1986-1995Present study featuring the assessment of demographical trends of Scoliodon laticaudus that were analyzed on the basis of monthly length frequency data from the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh from July 2014 to June 2015. Total length (TL) range of the collected 1520 specimens were 26 to 70 cm and weight (W) 329 to 2758 g. The relationship of length and weight was W = 0.3409L2.1137, R2 = 0.9987). The von Bertalanffy growth model parameters were L∞ = 73.75 cm and K = 0.30 yr-1, hypothetical age at zero length of t0 = - 0.3922 years and goodness of the fit of Rn = 0.112. The natural mortality rate at average annual water surface temperature of 220C was 0.5651 yr-1. The total mortality was 1.31 yr-1 while fishing mortality was 0.745 yr-1 and the current exploitation ratio 0.57. The Beverton-Holt yield per recruit model was done by FiSAT-II in which when tc was 1 the Fmax was estimated at 0.95 yr-1 and F0.1 was 0.8 yr-1. Current age at the first capture was approximately 1 year, Fcurrent = 0.745 yr-1 which is smaller than F0.1 indicating the current stock of S. laticaudus of Bangladesh is in safer state but more work is needed for the sustainable management of this fishery resource

Estimation of the marine Pomfret fishery status of the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh: Sustainability retained

686-693The status of Pomfret fishery of the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh was analyzed by using non-equilibrium surplus production models with a view to evaluate MSY based on (2003-2015) 13 years catch and effort data. Three surplus production models of Fox, Schaefer and Pella-Tomlinson including three error assumptions of normal, log-normal and gamma were used by applying CEDA software package. Initial proportion (IP) value of 0.2 was used because the starting catch was only about 20% of the maximum catch. The MSY output of Fox models were 22,177MT and 21,177MT under the error assumptions of normal and log-normal, while Schaefer and Pella-Tomlinson models produced similar MSY of 33,511MT and 33,138MT. The outcomes from the log-normal error assumption of Fox model was produced goodness of fit R2 (0.678) value which was smallest among all models whereas highest biomass, Bfinal (137640) was found from the same model. The estimated MSY from Schaefer and Pella-Tomlinson models were not as suitable to accept as because the value of coefficients of variation (CV) were too small. The Fox model estimates (normal and log-normal assumption) are close to the recent landings (11,067MT) of Pomfrets which are more conservative and hence the best fit. This study points out that Pomfrets stock of Bangladesh remains in a satisfactory level