Biochar from microwave pyrolysis of selected feedstocks

This is a brief summary of work carried out by a team of researchers to produce biochar using microwave pyrolysis system developed at Bioenergy, Bioproducts Research Lab (BBRL), at UNB. Various feedstocks such as corn stalk, spruce, maple, switchgrass, and wood pellets were used to produce biochar. A batch type microwave reactor with a frequency of 2.45 GHz and a power generator of 3 kW was used in the pyrolysis experiments. The amount of biochar obtained depends on the microwave pyrolysis conditions and type of feedstock. For corn stalk briquettes, the yield of biochar ranged from 30.9 to 41.1 wt%. The average biochar yield for spruce, maple, and switchgrass was found to be 22.2 wt%, 22.0 wt%, and 24.4 wt% respectively. Please click on the file below for full content of the abstract

Surgical impact and speech outcome at 2.5 years after one- or two-stage cleft palate closure

Objective: In the ongoing discussion about timing of palate closure, it is said that early closure is favorable for speech development, but can interfere with maxillary growth. On the other hand, beneficial results on both after one-stage palate closure have also been presented. The assumption that one-stage palate closure leads to less surgical impact on the child probably contributed to the choice for this procedure in most cleft centers. However, no previous research has verified this assumption. The aim of the present study is to compare surgical impact and speech outcome at 2.5 years of age between children who underwent either one- or early two-stage palate closure. Methods: Patients underwent either one-stage palate closure between 2007 and 2010 at a median age of 10.8 months (group 1, n = 24) or early two-stage. closure before 2007 at median ages of 10.4 and 18.2 months, respectively (group 2, n = 24). Surgical impact was compared between the two groups by means of duration of surgery, length of hospital stay and number of post-operative complications. Speech outcome was compared by means of resonance problems, nasal air emission, articulation and intelligibility, all assessed at a median age of 2.5 years. Results: The one-stage closure group showed significantly shorter duration of surgery and length of hospital stay (p <0.001 and p = 0.001, respectively) and significantly better articulation (p = 0.029) than the early two-stage closure group. Conclusion: One-stage palate closure is preferable over early two-stage palate closure with regard to surgical impact and speech development. More extensive, prospective studies, in which maxillary growth is taken into account, should be conducted. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved

Exploring the experiences of embedding Indigenous knowledge and perspectives on teaching practicum through interpretive phenomenology

In this paper, we discuss interpretive/hermeneutic phenomenology as a theoretical approach to explore the experiences of three stakeholder groups in embedding Indigenous knowledge and perspectives on teaching practicum, a project sponsored by ALTC. We begin by asking the phenomenological question ‘what is your experience of practice teaching?’ An open, explorative, phenomenological framework seeks the meanings of experiences, not truths, from the participants’ words themselves. Interpretive phenomenology is particularly suitable to explore educational experiences (Grumet, 1992; M. van Manen, 1990), as it provides rich ground for listening to the stakeholders’ lived experience and documenting it for interpretation. In an interpretive process, perspectives on lifeworlds, worldview and lenses get highlighted (Cunningham &amp; Stanley, 2003). We establish how through various project stages, interpretive phenomenology gets to the essence of practice teaching experience creating a pedagogical ‘understanding’ of the essential nature of shared experience as lived by the participants (M van Manen, 2002). Thereby, it foregrounds voices of agency, dissent, acceptance and resistance. We consider how our research study focuses on the pedagogic voice of Indigenous pre-service teachers and the recognition of complex pedagogic fields in Indigenous education. We explain how this study seeks insights into their evaluation of pedagogic relations with two other education stakeholders – their practicum supervising teachers at schools and university staff involved practicum experience. As such, our study aims to support and develop long term, future-oriented opportunities for Indigenous pre-service teachers to embed Indigenous knowledge in the curricula. We conclude with some projections into the discourse on how Indigenous knowledge (IK) and perspectives might be diversely exemplified in pre-service teachers’ professional works (particularly E-portfolios). We speculate how this change could in turn maximise opportunities for Indigenous pre-service teachers, their supervising teachers and university staff to demonstrate leadership in their field through the creation of future tangible products such as units of work, resources, assessment and reflection tools. The processes contextualising the cultural interface of competing knowledge systems (Nakata, 2007) provide important analytical tools for understanding issues affecting student-teacher-mentor relationships occurring on practicum

Durability of Collagenase Treatment for Dupuytren Disease of the Thumb and First Web After at Least 2 Years' Follow-Up

Purpose The aim of this study was to analyze the durability of the treatment results of the thumb and first web contractures in Dupuytren disease with collagenase Clostridium histolyticum. Methods Twelve patients (14 hands) were followed for an average of 35 months (range, 24-42 months). Two patients (3 hands) were excluded, yielding 11 hands available for assessment. Nondurability was defined as a worsening of at least 20 degrees of passive extension deficit at a treated joint or any decrease greater than 5 mm in intermetacarpal head distance, both relative to 30 days after injection or as intervention to correct new/worsening contracture. Durability was compared with that of a historic cohort of treated finger contractures. Results Five out of 11 patients with a metacarpophalangeal or interphalangeal joint contracture or first web contracture had a nondurable result at an average of 35 months. Results obtained at metacarpophalangeal joints of thumbs were more durable than those of interphalangeal joints. Most of the recurrences occurred in interphalangeal joints. Conclusions Treatment of thumb and first web contractures was not durable in nearly half of the cases at an average follow-up of 35 months, and durability was clearly less than that of treated finger contractures. Copyright (C) 2019 by the American Society for Surgery of the Hand. All rights reserved

Collagenase Treatment for Dupuytren Disease of the Thumb and First Web

Purpose To evaluate the short-term effectiveness of collagenase Clostridium histolyticum to treat thumb and first web contractures in Dupuytren disease. Methods We prospectively included 14 thumbs in 12 patients with a contracture at the metacarpophalangeal or interphalangeal joint of at least 20 degrees with a palpable cord in the thumb (n = 8) or an adduction contracture of the thumb with palpable cords in the first web (n = 6). They received an injection containing 0.58 mg of collagenase Clostridium histolyticum in the fibrous cord divided over 3 spots. The contracture was released by carefully manipulating the thumb under local anesthesia 1 day later. The extension and abduction deficits were measured before and after the intervention (follow-up at 7 and 30 days and 6 months). Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to analyze the data. Results In the total sample, postintervention extension deficits were statistically significantly lower than preintervention deficits except in one patient who had a recurrence at 6 months compared with the 30-day posttreatment result. Intermetacarpophalangeal head distance (IMD) also improved significantly. In an analysis of subgroups, we compared the separate contributions of treatment of a pretendinous cord and a first web cord on both extension deficit and IMD. Treatment of pretendinous cords significantly affected both extension deficit and IMD. However, treatment of first web contractures did not significantly improve extension or IMD. Conclusions Collagenase Clostridium histolyticum is a good treatment option for pretendinous cords in thumbs affected with Dupuytren disease because it provides good results, is minimally invasive, and has minor adverse events. (Copyright (C) 2016 by the American Society for Surgery of the Hand. All rights reserved)

Body mass index, chronological age and hormonal status are better predictors of biological skin age than arm skin autofluorescence in healthy women who have never smoked

Background As life expectancy is increasing and healthy ageing becomes more and more important, skin ageing is a growing topic of interest from both a medical and a commercial point of view. The urgency to unravel the causes of skin ageing is rising. However, there is a lack of objective, simple, noninvasive methods to assess biological skin age - a term introduced to describe how old someone looks, covering both the appearance and function of the skin. A rapid, noninvasive assessment of biological skin age would greatly facilitate the execution of the studies required to find the causes of skin ageing. Objectives To find an objective, easy-to-apply method to assess biological skin age. Methods Skin age score (SAS) was compared with skin autofluorescence, a measure of advanced glycation end products in the skin, and several subject characteristics in 32 healthy, white women with little sun-exposed skin and no history of smoking. Results A moderate, positive correlation (R-2 = 0.32, P = 0.001) between SAS and skin autofluorescence-based biological skin age was found. However, the variation in biological skin age according to SAS could be explained better by body mass index, chronological age and hormonal status (R-2 = 0.86, P <0.001). Conclusions In the current setting skin autofluorescence did not contribute better to the prediction of biological skin age than chronological age. Biological skin age was best predicted by body mass index, chronological age and hormonal status, and this approach provides a considerable simplification of the application of biological skin age

Which Breast Is the Best? Successful Autologous or Alloplastic Breast Reconstruction:Patient-Reported Quality-of-Life Outcomes

Background: Breast reconstruction is an appropriate option offered to women who are diagnosed with breast cancer or gene mutations. It may be accomplished with implants or autologous procedures. This cross-sectional study evaluated the satisfaction and quality of life in addition to complications and secondary corrections in women after successful autologous or alloplastic (implant) breast reconstruction. Methods: Women were included after successful breast reconstruction. The BREAST-Q instrument and standardized questionnaires on depression, recurrence concerns, and anxiety were sent by mail to the participants. In addition, data were collected on complications and secondary corrections. Multiple regression analysis and chi-square tests were applied to evaluate differences between the autologous breast reconstruction group (n = 47) and the implant breast reconstruction group (n = 45). Results: Women with a successful autologous reconstruction were significantly more satisfied with their reconstructed breasts than women with successful alloplastic breast reconstruction as measured with the BREAST-Q satisfaction with breasts module (p = 0.023). More women with an autologous breast reconstruction required secondary correction than women with an implant breast reconstruction (p = 0.012). Other findings did not differ between the two groups. Conclusions: Autologous breast reconstruction leads to more satisfaction than does implant breast reconstruction, notwithstanding that women with an autologous breast reconstruction more often required a secondary correction. The study found no ideal breast reconstruction suitable for all patients. However, this study may inform patients and medical teams in making decisions about breast reconstruction. This pilot study indicated several questions that we plan to further investigate in a larger prospective study

Quality-of-life outcomes between mastectomy alone and breast reconstruction:comparison of patient-reported BREAST-Q and other health-related quality-of-life measures

BACKGROUND: Published data on quality of life in women after breast reconstruction are inconsistent. This cross-sectional study evaluated the quality of life of women after successful breast reconstruction in comparison with those who underwent mastectomy alone. METHODS: The quality of life was evaluated using two validated self-report questionnaires: the BREAST-Q and the RAND-36. Demographic information, patient anxiety, depression, and concerns about recurrences were measured by using standardized questionnaires. These questionnaires were sent to the participants. The quality of life of the mastectomy plus breast reconstruction group (n=92) and the mastectomy-alone group (n=45) were compared. Multiple regression analysis was used to evaluate the statistical significance of the authors' findings. RESULTS: Women with successful breast reconstruction were significantly more satisfied with the appearance of their chest/breasts (p=0.003). They also fared better psychosocially (n=0.008) and sexually (p=0.007) than women with mastectomy alone. Furthermore, they functioned better physically (p=0.012), experiencing less pain and fewer limitations (p=0.007). CONCLUSIONS: Successful breast reconstruction following mastectomy can greatly improve different aspects of the patient's life compared with women who do not undergo reconstructive surgery. These findings might be taken into consideration when the treating medical team and the patient study various treatment options. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, III

Reply: Quality-of-Life Outcomes between Mastectomy Alone and Breast Reconstruction: Comparison of Patient-Reported BREAST-Q and Other Health-Related Quality-of-Life Measures

BACKGROUND: Published data on quality of life in women after breast reconstruction are inconsistent. This cross-sectional study evaluated the quality of life of women after successful breast reconstruction in comparison with those who underwent mastectomy alone. METHODS: The quality of life was evaluated using two validated self-report questionnaires: the BREAST-Q and the RAND-36. Demographic information, patient anxiety, depression, and concerns about recurrences were measured by using standardized questionnaires. These questionnaires were sent to the participants. The quality of life of the mastectomy plus breast reconstruction group (n=92) and the mastectomy-alone group (n=45) were compared. Multiple regression analysis was used to evaluate the statistical significance of the authors' findings. RESULTS: Women with successful breast reconstruction were significantly more satisfied with the appearance of their chest/breasts (p=0.003). They also fared better psychosocially (n=0.008) and sexually (p=0.007) than women with mastectomy alone. Furthermore, they functioned better physically (p=0.012), experiencing less pain and fewer limitations (p=0.007). CONCLUSIONS: Successful breast reconstruction following mastectomy can greatly improve different aspects of the patient's life compared with women who do not undergo reconstructive surgery. These findings might be taken into consideration when the treating medical team and the patient study various treatment options. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, III