A Cause Lost, a Story Being Written: Explaining Black and White Commemorative Difference in the Postbellum South

This paper addresses the disparate commemorative modes and purposes employed by black and white Southerners following the Civil War, in their competing efforts to control the cultural narrative of the war’s legacy. I attempt to explain commemorative difference in the post-war era by evaluating the historical and rhetorical implications of the white Confederate monument, in contrast with the black freedom celebration. The goal of this research is to understand why monuments to the Confederacy proliferate in the South, while similar commemorative markers of the prominent role of slavery in the Civil War are all but nonexistent. I conclude that, while a white supremacist system denied black Southerners the economic and political capital to commission monuments, black Southerners organized public commemorative celebrations not only because they were denied monuments but because celebration and oration presented themselves as powerful strategies to advance black interests. White Southerners favored monuments as a commemorative form because, in the face of a culturally devastating loss, they sought to establish permanent testaments to a pre-war cultural landscape; however, the initial victory of emancipation, with its promise of not only freedom but equality, led black Southerners to seek communion about the past as a tool for understanding and shaping their future, and so celebration and oration became important strategies for consolidating historical narratives and collective imaginations about the place of blacks in a new America

Ionization heating in rare-gas clusters under intense XUV laser pulses

The interaction of intense extreme ultraviolet (XUV) laser pulses ($\lambda=32\rm\,nm$, $I=10^{11-14}$\,W/cm$^2$) with small rare-gas clusters (Ar$_{147}$) is studied by quasi-classical molecular dynamics simulations. Our analysis supports a very general picture of the charging and heating dynamics in finite samples under short-wavelength radiation that is of relevance for several applications of free-electron lasers. First, up to a certain photon flux, ionization proceeds as a series of direct photoemission events producing a jellium-like cluster potential and a characteristic plateau in the photoelectron spectrum as observed in [Bostedt {\it et al.}, Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf 100}, 013401 (2008)]. Second, beyond the onset of photoelectron trapping, nanoplasma formation leads to evaporative electron emission with a characteristic thermal tail in the electron spectrum. A detailed analysis of this transition is presented. Third, in contrast to the behavior in the infrared or low vacuum ultraviolet range, the nanoplasma energy capture proceeds via {\it ionization heating}, i.e., inner photoionization of localized electrons, whereas collisional heating of conduction electrons is negligible up to high laser intensities. A direct consequence of the latter is a surprising evolution of the mean energy of emitted electrons as function of laser intensity.Comment: figure problems resolve

Relative Energy Deficit (Female Triad)

ABSTRACT CLINICAL PRESENTATION & EXAM: The relative energy deficit also known as RED-S or the Female Triad, is a common occurrence with females. RED-S occurs due to many factors such as increased energy output, decreased energy intake, or can sometimes be caused by both. RED-S in females is diagnosed by three symptoms: abnormal eating habits, osteoporosis, and functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. The patient does not need to experience all three symptoms to be diagnosed with RED-S. The energy deficit affects physiological functions such as cardiovascular health, immunity, protein synthesis, along with menstrual functions in females. ANATOMY & PATHOLOGY: Osteoporosis is a condition in which the bone becomes weak due to low bone production. Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea is a reversible disorder in which the pulsatile release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus is impaired. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone is a hypothalamic decapeptide that helps to maintain reproductive functions. The hypothalamus is a region in the lower-part of the brain that plays a major role in helping to release hormones. DIAGNOSTIC TESTING & CONSIDERATIONS: Some common signs that an athlete might have RED-S are irritability, gradual weight loss, or irregular menses. When testing for RED-S, there is not a single test to diagnose it. A patient may take multiple diagnostics tests such as a pregnancy test, MRI, pelvic ultrasonography, endometrial biopsy, electrocardiography, radiography, and many other tests. Along with these tests, it is recommended to test for the individual symptoms of RED-S. Testing for the amount of energy a patient has is vital. Testing options include but are not limited to, a thorough physical exam, assessments of energy intake and output and an examination of the patient\u27s body mass index. It is important to remember that body mass index is not always accurate due to the unrepresented energy level of a patient. When testing for functional hypothalamic amenorrhea, a patient must undergo a series of tests to evaluate if they are pregnant, have a tract obstruction, or are experiencing primary ovarian insufficiency. The use of tests such as a pregnancy test, serum luteinizing hormone test, a pelvic ultrasound, are recommended for diagnosing functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. Screening yearly for this syndrome is recommended. TREATMENT & RETURN TO ACTIVITY: In order to treat RED-S, a patient usually needs to consult with a group of medical professionals. A patient must undergo a physical examination to find out which parts of the body have been affected. Treatment options should be equipped to fit each symptom of the energy deficit and the patient. It is recommended to try treating the syndrome without the use of pharmaceutical drugs by maintaining sufficient energy, calorie, and calcium intakes. Treating balanced energy levels in a patient who restricts their energy intake requires an examination by a mental health professional. If a patient did not intentionally limit their energy intakes, then she would be referred to a dietician to help manage her energy levels and/or have restrictions placed on her activities. Any patient with hormone deficiency is recommended to use pharmaceutical treatments. In order to recover bone loss and prevent it, the physician must help the female patient recover her normal menses. The recovery of menses is vital. If left untreated, the patient could continue to lose bone mass. Healthy weight gain in a patient has also been proven to help recover bone mass. The athletic trainer of an athlete is well equppied to help provide a treatment option for an athlete and tailor her recovery exercises

Formation of the State of Florida Indian Reservation

In Florida there are four reservations for Indians— three established by the federal government and one by the state of Florida. The state reservation was established through the efforts of white friends of the Seminoles, a representative from a national organization, several politicians, the federal Indian agent in Florida, and a friendly governor. Ever since the end of the Third Seminole War in 1858, some whites tried to assist the few Indians remaining in the state. Under the terms of the Florida Constitution written in 1868, the Seminoles were entitled to elect one person to the state house of representatives and one to the state senate, but since no one informed the Indians about this right, they held no elections and the provsion was dropped in the Constitution of 1885. On June 8, 1891, under pressure from a few whites, the Florida legislature authorized the trustees of the Board of Internal Improvements to set aside a tract of land no greater than 5,000 acres for the Indians. A commission composed of three men was appointed to select the land, but since the Indians were scattered over a vast expanse of southern Florida, the commission felt that any attempt to force them on to a reservation would be foolish, if not impossible. Therefore the commission voted to acquire land on which the Indians had already settled. However no reservation was selected since there were no funds available to locate and survey such lands

Nonlinear magnetic field dependence of the conductance in d-wave NIS tunnel junctions

The ab-plane NIS-tunnelling conductance in d-wave superconductors shows a zero-bias conductance peak which is predicted to split in a magnetic field. In a pure d-wave superconductor the splitting is linear for fields small on the scale of the thermodynamic critical field. The field dependence is shown to be nonlinear, even at low fields, in the vicinity of a surface phase transition into a local time-reversal symmetry breaking state. The field evolution of the conductance is sensitive to temperature, doping, and the symmetry of the sub-dominant pairing channel.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

Performance of a Light-Weight Ablative Thermal Protection Material for the Stardust Mission Sample Return Capsule

New tests and analyses are reported that were carried out to resolve testing uncertainties in the original development and qualification of a lightweight ablative material used for the Stardust spacecraft forebody heat shield. These additional arcjet tests and analyses confirmed the ablative and thermal performance of low density Phenolic Impregnated Carbon Ablator (PICA) material used for the Stardust design. Testing was done under conditions that simulate the peak convective heating conditions (1200 W/cm2 and 0.5 atm) expected during Earth entry of the Stardust Sample Return Capsule. Test data and predictions from an ablative material response computer code for the in-depth temperatures were compared to guide iterative adjustment of material thermophysical properties used in the code so that the measured and predicted temperatures agreed. The PICA recession rates and maximum internal temperatures were satisfactorily predicted by the computer code with the revised properties. Predicted recession rates were also in acceptable agreement with measured rates for heating conditions 37% greater than the nominal peak heating rate of 1200 W/sq cm. The measured in-depth temperature response data show consistent temperature rise deviations that may be caused by an undocumented endothermic process within the PICA material that is not accurately modeled by the computer code. Predictions of the Stardust heat shield performance based on the present evaluation provide evidence that the maximum adhesive bondline temperature will be much lower than the maximum allowable of 250 C and an earlier design prediction. The re-evaluation also suggests that even with a 25 percent increase in peak heating rates, the total recession of the heat shield would be a small fraction of the as-designed thickness. These results give confidence in the Stardust heat shield design and confirm the potential of PICA material for use in new planetary probe and sample return applications

Ablation of carbonaceous materials in a hydrogen-helium arc-jet flow

The stagnation-point ablation rates of a graphite, a carbon-carbon composite, and four carbon-phenolic materials are measured in an arc-jet wind tunnel with a 50% hydrogen-50% helium mixture as the test gas. Flow environments are determined through measurements of static and impact pressures, heat-transfer rates to a calorimeter, and radiation spectra, and through numerical calculation of the flow through the wind tunnel, spectra, and heat-transfer rates. The environments so determined are: impact pressure approx. 3 atm, Mach number approx. 2.1, convective heat-transfer rate approx. 14 kw/sq cm, and radiative heat-transfer rate approx. 7 kw/sq cm in the absence of ablation. Ablation rates are determined from the measured rates of mass loss and recession of the ablation specimens. Compared with the predicted ablation rates obtained by running RASLE and CMA codes, the measured rates are higher by about 15% for all tested materials