Estimated dietary phytoestrogen intake and major food sources among women during the year before pregnancy

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Phytoestrogens may be associated with a variety of different health outcomes, including outcomes related to reproductive health. Recently published data on phytoestrogen content of a wide range of foods provide an opportunity to improve estimation of dietary phytoestrogen intake.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Using the recently published data, we estimated intake among a representative sample of 6,584 women of reproductive age from a multi-site, population-based case-control study, the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS). The NBDPS uses a shortened version of the Willett food frequency questionnaire to estimate dietary intake during the year before pregnancy. We estimated intake among NBDPS control mothers.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Lignans contributed 65% of total phytoestrogen intake; isoflavones, 29%; and coumestrol, 5%. Top contributors to total phytoestrogen intake were vegetables (31%) and fruit (29%); for isoflavones, dairy (33%) and fruit (21%); for lignans, vegetables (40%) and fruit (29%); and for coumestans, fruit (55%) and dairy (18%). Hispanic women had higher phytoestrogen intake than non-Hispanic white or black women. Associations with maternal age and folic acid-containing supplements were more modest but indicated that older mothers and mothers taking supplements had higher intake.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The advantage of the approach used for the current analysis lies in its utilization of phytoestrogen values derived from a single laboratory that used state-of-the-art measurement techniques. The database we developed can be applied directly to other studies using food frequency questionnaires, especially the Willett questionnaire. The database, combined with consistent dietary intake assessment, provides an opportunity to improve our ability to understand potential associations of phytoestrogen intake with health outcomes.</p

IKKα and IKKβ each function to regulate NF-κB activation in the TNF-induced/canonical pathway

Background: Activation of the transcription factor NF-κB by cytokines is rapid, mediated through the activation of the IKK complex with subsequent phosphorylation and degradation of the inhibitory IκB proteins. The IKK complex is comprised of two catalytic subunits, IKKα and IKKβ, and a regulatory protein known as NEMO. Using cells from mice that are genetically deficient in IKKβ or IKKα, or using a kinase inactive mutant of IKKβ, it has been proposed that IKKβ is critical for TNF-induced IκB phosphorylation/degradation through the canonical pathway while IKKα has been shown to be involved in the non-canonical pathway for NF-κB activation. These conclusions have led to a focus on development of IKKβ inhibitors for potential use in inflammatory disorders and cancer. Methodology: Analysis of NF-κB activation in response to TNF in MEFs reveals that IKKβ is essential for efficient phosphorylation and subsequent degradation of IκBα, yet IKKα contributes to the NF-κB activation response in these cells as measured via DNA binding assays. In HeLa cells, both IKKα and IKKβ contribute to IκBα phosphorylation and NF-κB activation. A kinase inactive mutant of IKKβ, which has been used as evidence for the critical importance of IKKβ in TNF-induced signaling, blocks activation of NF-κB induced by IKKα, even in cells that are deficient in IKKβ. Conclusions: These results demonstrate the importance of IKKα in canonical NF-κB activation, downstream of cytokine treatment of cells. The experiments suggest that IKKα will be a therapeutic target in inflammatory disorders

Paternal mtDNA and Maleness Are Co-Inherited but Not Causally Linked in Mytilid Mussels

BACKGROUND: In marine mussels of the genus Mytilus there are two mitochondrial genomes. One is transmitted through the female parent, which is the normal transmission route in animals, and the other is transmitted through the male parent which is an unusual phenomenon. In males the germ cell line is dominated by the paternal mitochondrial genome and the somatic cell line by the maternal. Research to date has not allowed a clear answer to the question of whether inheritance of the paternal genome is causally related to maleness. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Here we present results from hybrid crosses, from triploid mussels and from observations of sperm mitochondria in fertilized eggs which clearly show that maleness and presence of the paternal mitochondrial genome can be decoupled. These same results show that the female mussel has exclusive control of whether her progeny will inherit the mitochondrial genome of the male parent. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: These findings are important in our efforts to understand the mechanistic basis of this unusual mode of mitochondrial DNA inheritance that is common among bivalves

Geoscience at the nanometre scale: review of analytical transmission electron microscopy applications

This paper describes applications of analytical Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) in the geosciences. The topics include: 1) sulphide-mineral oxidation; 2) trace-metal attenuation by secondary Mn oxides; 3) silicate weathering; 4) transition-metal valence in minerals; and 5) secondary Hg minerals in stream sediments. The main advantage of the analytical TEM is the ability to obtain images, chemical information, and electron diffraction patterns at the nanometre scale. With such high spatial resolution, it is possible to observe physical and chemical features in samples that cannot be resolved with most other techniques. This information can lead to significant improvement in our understanding of the system under investigation. Sample preparation techniques that are used in each study are also described in this paper. The preparation of samples for TEM analysis can be challenging because of the heterogeneity commonly encountered in geological materials, the fragility of some geological samples (e.g., low-temperature minerals), and the need to maintain spatial relationships present in the samples. The sample preparation techniques presented are specific to the needs of the study and the appropriateness of these methods is demonstrated by the high quality analytical TEM data that are obtained. RÉSUMÉ Cet exposé décrit des applications de la microscopie électronique à transmission analytique dans les sciences de la terre. Les aspects étudiés comprennent : 1) l'oxydation des minéraux sulfurés; 2) l'atténuation des métaux-traces par des oxydes de Mn secondaires; 3) la silicatisation météorique; 4) la valence des métaux de transition dans les minéraux; et 5) les minéraux de Hg secondaires dans les sédiments fluviatiles. Le principal avantage qu'offre la MET analytique est la possibilité d'obtenir des images, des données chimiques et des figures de diffraction des électrons à l'échelle nanométrique. Une résolution spatiale aussi élevée permet l'observation dans les échantillons de propriétés physiques et chimiques impossibles à éclaircir au moyen de la majorité des autres techniques. De tels renseignements peuvent mener à une amélioration marquée de notre compréhension du système à l'étude. Cet exposé décrit en plus les techniques de préparation des échantillons utilisées lors de chaque étude. La préparation des échantillons à une analyse MET peut s'avérer compliquée en raison de l'hétérogénéité que présentent communément les matières géologiques, de la fragilité de certains échantillons géologiques (p. ex. minéraux à basse température) et de la nécessité de maintenir les liens spatiaux présents dans les échantillons. Les techniques de préparation des échantillons présentées sont propres aux besoins de l'étude; les données de haute qualité obtenues des analyses MET témoignent de la pertinence de ces méthodes. [Traduit par la rédaction

Effect of Body Mass Index on pregnancy outcomes in nulliparous women delivering singleton babies

Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Simulations of extensional flow in microrheometric devices

We present a detailed numerical study of the flow of a Newtonian fluid through microrheometric devices featuring a sudden contraction–expansion. This flow configuration is typically used to generate extensional deformations and high strain rates. The excess pressure drop resulting from the converging and diverging flow is an important dynamic measure to quantify if the device is intended to be used as a microfluidic extensional rheometer. To explore this idea, we examine the effect of the contraction length, aspect ratio and Reynolds number on the flow kinematics and resulting pressure field. Analysis of the computed velocity and pressure fields show that, for typical experimental conditions used in microfluidic devices, the steady flow is highly three-dimensional with open spiraling vortical structures in the stagnant corner regions. The numerical simulations of the local kinematics and global pressure drop are in good agreement with experimental results. The device aspect ratio is shown to have a strong impact on the flow and consequently on the excess pressure drop, which is quantified in terms of the dimensionless Couette and Bagley correction factors. We suggest an approach for calculating the Bagley correction which may be especially appropriate for planar microchannels