504 research outputs found

    Bioaccumulation of perfluoroalkyl compounds in midge (Chironomus riparius) larvae exposed to sediment

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    Midge larvae (Chironomus riparius) were exposed to sediments from a deposition sampled at a site along the Rhône River (France) downstream of an industrial site releasing various perfluorinated chemicals. This sediment is characterized by high concentrations of perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnA) and perfluorotridecanoic acid (PFTrDA) and a low perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) concentration. Concentrations of 23 perfluoroalkyl compounds, including C4eC14 carboxylate acids, C4eC10 sulfonates, and seven precursors, were analyzed in overlying and pore water, sediment, and larvae. Midge larvae accumulated carboxylate acids (C11eC14), PFOS, and two precursors (perfluorooctane sulfonamide: FOSA and 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid, 6:2 FTSA). These substances accumulated mainly during the fourth instar larvae exponential growth phase. Accumulation of 6:2 FTSA, PFUnA, and PFOS occured via trophic and tegumentary routes. Other compounds mainly accumulated from food. Kinetics followed a partition model, from which uptake and elimination constants were derived

    Measurements of the Acidification Kinetics of Single SynaptopHluorin Vesicles

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    AbstractUptake of neurotransmitters into synaptic vesicles is driven by the proton gradient established across the vesicle membrane. The acidification of synaptic vesicles, therefore, is a crucial component of vesicle function. Here we present measurements of acidification rate constants from isolated, single synaptic vesicles. Vesicles were purified from mice expressing a fusion protein termed SynaptopHluorin created by the fusion of VAMP/synaptobrevin to the pH-sensitive super-ecliptic green fluorescent protein. We calibrated SynaptopHluorin fluorescence to determine the relationship between fluorescence intensity and internal vesicle pH, and used these values to measure the rate constant of vesicle acidification. We also measured the effects of ATP, glutamate, and chloride on acidification. We report acidification time constants of 500 ms to 1 s. The rate of acidification increased with increasing extravesicular concentrations of ATP and glutamate. These data provide an upper and a lower bound for vesicle acidification and indicate that vesicle readiness can be regulated by changes in energy and transmitter availability

    Análise in silico de pectinametilesterases de Coffea spp.

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    A maturação desuniforme dos frutos do cafeeiro, associada a práticas inadequadas de colheita e pós-colheita, pode prejudicar a qualidade final do café. Visando compreender melhor os genes envolvidos na maturação de frutos do cafeeiro foram iniciados estudos in silico e in vivo da atividade da pectinametilesterase (PME-EC 3.2.1.11). A PME é a enzima responsável por catalisar a desmetilação de ésteres metílicos dos ácidos poligalacturônicos e se encontra distribuída em raízes, caules, folhas e frutos da grande maioria das plantas superiores. Essa enzima tem um importante papel no amaciamento de frutos pelo aumento da susceptibilidade das pectinas a poligalacturonase (PG) durante o amadurecimento. A análise in silico foi realizada através de buscas no banco de dados disponibilizados pelo projeto Genoma Café, assim como de outros bancos de domínio público. Foram identificados inicialmente 31 contigs, mas apenas oito destes apresentavam seqüências provenientes de bibliotecas de frutos de café. Comparação dos contigs obtidos nos bancos de dados do Genoma Café e do HarvEST Coffea, permitiu a caracterização in silico da expressão de alguns dos contigs nos diferentes estágios de maturação dos frutos. Análise da expressão in vivo destes contigs está sendo realizada para validação dos dados obtidos in silico

    Análise de genes expressos durante estádios finais da maturação de frutos de café.

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    A maturação uniforme dos frutos do cafeeiro relaciona-se diretamente com a qualidade da bebida. Diferentes floradas em um mesmo cafeeiro propiciam frutos em estádios desiguais de maturação podendo resultar em uma maior dificuldade na colheita, maior gasto com mão de obra e queda na qualidade do produto. Em frutos climatéricos, o processo final da maturação é desencadeado por um grande acúmulo de etileno, seguido por mudança bioquímicas e fisiológicas que promovem principalmente a desestabilização da parede celular dos frutos, composta principalmente por compostos pécticos. As pectinas são degradadas devido à solubilização e despolimerização da parede celular vegetal em decorrência da ação de enzimas como: pectinametilesterase, poligalacturonase, xiloglucanases, xilanases, pectinaliases e bgalactosidases. Nosso objetivo principal é caracterizar e entender as mudanças na expressão gênica e enzimática que ocorrem durante a maturação dos frutos de café, visando melhorar a uniformidade da maturação. Neste trabalho foram feitos estudos de expressão de genes que codificam para ACC oxidase, expansina, pectinametilesterase e poligalacturonases, através da análise ?in silico? do banco de dados do Projeto Genoma Café, e experimentos de expressão dos genes e enzimas. Análise de transcritos demonstrou um aumento de ACC oxidase em frutos verdecana seguido da atividade de pectinametilesterases em estágios intermediários de maturação (frutos avermelhados). A atividade da PG foi detectada nos estádios finais de maturação, principalmente em frutos cereja

    Technical, economic and environmental evaluation of advanced tertiary treatments for micropollutants removal (oxidation and adsorption)

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    International audienceTwo pilots for tertiary treatment, an advanced oxidation processes (AOP - O3/UV/H2O2) pilot and a granular activated carbon pilot, were tested in three different wastewater treatment plants after a secondary treatment. A total of 64 micropollutants including drugs, pesticides, alkylphenols, PAHs and metals were analysed in the samples at the inlet and the outlet of the pilots. The tertiary treatments studied (ozone, AOP and activated carbon) were efficient for the removal of most of the compounds analysed in this study, except metals. The addition of hydrogen peroxide to ozone increased the number of substances well removed but it did not improve the removal of substances that readily react with ozone (such as betablockers or carbamazepine). The other AOP (ozone/H2O2 and UV/H2O2) did not improve the number of substances well removed in comparison with ozone alone. The granular activated carbon was still efficient (R>70%) after 6 months working 24/7 for most of the drugs and the urea and triazine pesticides. The 5 technologies studied were sized at full scale in order to calculate their cost for two sizes of WWTP. The implementation of a tertiary treatment on a 60 000 to 200 000 PE WWTP would increase the wastewater treatment cost by 1,5 to 17,6 euros cents per cubic meter treated according to the technology and the removal objective. Concerning the environmental impact, for the big WWTP, the activated carbon is more impacting than the other processes for most of the impacts calculated. The order of POA by increasing environmental impact is ozone < ozone/H2O2 < ozone/UV ~ UV/H2O2. For the medium size WWTP however, the activated carbon is comparable to the other solutions regarding environmental impact
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