Activity of acetolactate synthase (ALS) of redroot pigweed in relation to imazethapyr application

Seed of weed species redroot pigweed for which there exist possibility of resistance occurrence were collected from different localities in Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, the northern part of the Republic of Serbia (Krivaja, Kikinda, Vrbas and Kačarevo). Studies on herbicide resistance were performed in the period of 2003 to 2009. Biological studies included whole plant studies on plants grown in net-house and biochemical researches confirmed the activity of acetolactate synthase enzyme in vivo. In order to study the occurrence of resistance during the tests, herbicide products based upon active ingredient imazethapyr were used. Values of resistance index were calculated in relation to the referent population collected from the ruderal sites. Based upon the results of biological studies in the redroot pigweed plants from the locality of Krivaja, the presence of resistance was established. Immunological tests confirmed the results of biological assays given that the activity of ALS enzyme was found in all the studied populations. Established resistance is a consequence of physiological changes and accelerated metabolism.Key words: Redroot pigweed, imazetaphyr, acetolactate synthase activity, dose response curve, resistance

Što je novo u radiologiji gastrointestinalnog sustava?

Few subspecialty fields in radiology have undergone so many changes in the last several decades as has gastrointestinal (GI) radiology. We have witnessed the appearance of previously unknown or very uncommon diseases and observed changes in the prevalence and treatment of known diseases. In the clinical setting, abdominal radiology had a seminal role in evaluating these conditions. Scientific and technological advancements, hand-in-hand with clinical practice, have reached previously inconceivable outcomes. From luminal barium examinations gastrointestinal radiology has moved into the realm of cross-sectional imaging and interventional procedures. It now encompasses not only the alimentary canal, but also organs such as the liver, pancreas and spleen. The interest in imaging of intra- and extraperitoneal spaces and organs has grown among GI radiologists.Proteklih desetljeća malo je supspecijalističkih područja radiologije doživjelo toliko promjena kao radiologija gastrointestinalnog sustava. Postali smo svjedoci pojavljivanja dosad nepoznatih ili vrlo rijetkih bolesti te promjena učestalosti i liječenja poznatih bolesti. U kliničkim okvirima abdominalna radiologija imala je ključnu ulogu u procjenjivanju tih stanja. Znanstveni i tehnološki napredak, zajedno s kliničkom praksom, postigli su dosad nezamislive rezultate. Gastrointestinalna radiologija je od pretraživanja lumena barijem prešla u područje prikazivanja poprečnih presjeka i intervencijskih postupaka. Danas ona ne obuhvaća samo probavnu cijev, nego i organe poput jetre, gušterače ili slezene. Me.u radiolozima koji se bave probavnim sustavom sve veće je zanimanje za prikazivanje intraperitonealnih i ekstraperitonealnih prostora i organa. Udruženje gastrointestinalnih radiologa osnovano je sedamdesetih godina prošloga stoljeća. Cilj ovoga udruženja, koje ima 365 članova, objedinjavanje je radioloških spoznaja i metoda u području abdomena, ekstraperitoneuma i zdjelice na edukacijskim skupovima, te razmjena informacija

Što je novo u radiologiji gastrointestinalnog sustava?

Few subspecialty fields in radiology have undergone so many changes in the last several decades as has gastrointestinal (GI) radiology. We have witnessed the appearance of previously unknown or very uncommon diseases and observed changes in the prevalence and treatment of known diseases. In the clinical setting, abdominal radiology had a seminal role in evaluating these conditions. Scientific and technological advancements, hand-in-hand with clinical practice, have reached previously inconceivable outcomes. From luminal barium examinations gastrointestinal radiology has moved into the realm of cross-sectional imaging and interventional procedures. It now encompasses not only the alimentary canal, but also organs such as the liver, pancreas and spleen. The interest in imaging of intra- and extraperitoneal spaces and organs has grown among GI radiologists.Proteklih desetljeća malo je supspecijalističkih područja radiologije doživjelo toliko promjena kao radiologija gastrointestinalnog sustava. Postali smo svjedoci pojavljivanja dosad nepoznatih ili vrlo rijetkih bolesti te promjena učestalosti i liječenja poznatih bolesti. U kliničkim okvirima abdominalna radiologija imala je ključnu ulogu u procjenjivanju tih stanja. Znanstveni i tehnološki napredak, zajedno s kliničkom praksom, postigli su dosad nezamislive rezultate. Gastrointestinalna radiologija je od pretraživanja lumena barijem prešla u područje prikazivanja poprečnih presjeka i intervencijskih postupaka. Danas ona ne obuhvaća samo probavnu cijev, nego i organe poput jetre, gušterače ili slezene. Me.u radiolozima koji se bave probavnim sustavom sve veće je zanimanje za prikazivanje intraperitonealnih i ekstraperitonealnih prostora i organa. Udruženje gastrointestinalnih radiologa osnovano je sedamdesetih godina prošloga stoljeća. Cilj ovoga udruženja, koje ima 365 članova, objedinjavanje je radioloških spoznaja i metoda u području abdomena, ekstraperitoneuma i zdjelice na edukacijskim skupovima, te razmjena informacija

Internal wave drag in stratified flow over mountains on a beta plane

The impact of the variation of the Coriolis parameter f on the drag exerted by internal Rossby-gravity waves on elliptical mountains is evaluated using linear theory, assuming constant wind and static stability and a beta-plane approximation. Previous calculations of inertia-gravity wave drag are thus extended in an attempt to establish a connection with existing studies on planetary wave drag, developed primarily for fluids topped by a rigid lid. It is found that the internal wave drag for zonal westerly flow strongly increases relative to that given by the calculation where f is assumed to be a constant, particularly at high latitudes and for mountains aligned meridionally. Drag increases with mountain width for sufficiently wide mountains, reaching values much larger than those valid in the non-rotating limit. This occurs because the drag receives contributions from a low wavenumber range, controlled by the beta effect, which accounts for the drag amplification found here. This drag amplification is shown to be considerable for idealized analogues of real mountain ranges, such as the Himalayas and the Rocky mountains, and comparable to the barotropic Rossby wave drag addressed in previous studies

Internal wave drag in stratified flow over mountains on a beta plane

The impact of the variation of the Coriolis parameter f on the drag exerted by internal Rossby-gravity waves on elliptical mountains is evaluated using linear theory, assuming constant wind and static stability and a beta-plane approximation. Previous calculations of inertia-gravity wave drag are thus extended in an attempt to establish a connection with existing studies on planetary wave drag, developed primarily for fluids topped by a rigid lid. It is found that the internal wave drag for zonal westerly flow strongly increases relative to that given by the calculation where f is assumed to be a constant, particularly at high latitudes and for mountains aligned meridionally. Drag increases with mountain width for sufficiently wide mountains, reaching values much larger than those valid in the non-rotating limit. This occurs because the drag receives contributions from a low wavenumber range, controlled by the beta effect, which accounts for the drag amplification found here. This drag amplification is shown to be considerable for idealized analogues of real mountain ranges, such as the Himalayas and the Rocky mountains, and comparable to the barotropic Rossby wave drag addressed in previous studies

GENOCID I ETNIČKO ČIŠĆENJE ILI O ODNOSU DISPOZICIJE JEDNOG MEĐUNARODNO-KRIVIČNOG DELA I JEDNOG SOCIOLOŠKO-POLITIKOLOŠKOG POJMA

Genocide is the most severe criminal act in the international law that is determined by the Genocide Convention; there is no criminal act that is legally codified as ethnic cleansing, but it is a media and sociological-political science concept that, starting from the ‘80s of the 20th century, collectively implicate large number of individually codified crimes that are determined in the international criminal legislation as crimes against humanity and war crimes. According to Lemkin, the concept of genocide is significantly wider even in regard to the concept of ethnic cleansing, since it implicates a wide scale of measures committed against a national minority, with intent to destroy it, considering not only biological and physical destruction, but including them also. In any case, there must be a dolus specialis, which according to Lemkin consists of destroying one national group in various aspects of its identity, while according to the Genocide Convention it consists exclusively of physical and biological extermination of a national, ethnic, racial or religious group. Ethnic cleansing, as comprehended in sociological-political science interpretations, primarily denotes forced actions with the aim of creating ethnical monolithic territories. The actions are not directed to physical and biological extermination of an “undesirable ethnic group” in a territory, but as forced actions are directed to the leaving of the territory and may implicate also war crimes and crimes against humanity, but cannot be reduced only to them. In that sense, dolus specialis would be creation of an ethnically homogenous territory and this would make a difference from the genocide if this concept were legally codified. Besides, ethnic cleansing must be connected with the concept of ethnic group.U radu se analizira pojmovno određenje krivičnog dela genocida, shodno Konvenciji OUN i Lempkinovom shvatanju ovog pojma, a zatim vrši komparacija sa pojmom etničkog čišćenja. Ukazuje se na to da genocid jeste krivično delo, najteži mogući zločin, ali da etničko čišćenje nije zločin, pošto nije pravni, već sociološko-politikološki pojam. Svakako, detaljnom analizom ovog pojma, ukazuje se da elementi iz kojih se on obično sadrži (npr. ratni zločini, masakri, prinudne deportacije) predstavljaju svaki ponaosob neko od krivičnih dela iz oblasti međunarodnog krivičnog prava. Istovremeno, ukazuje se i na moguće razloge zbog kojih nikada nije kodifkovano kumulativno krivično delo - etničko čišćenje

Paleolinguistics brings more light on the earliest history of the traditional Eurasian pulse crops

Traditional pulse crops such as pea, lentil, field bean, bitter vetch, chickpea and common vetch originate from Middle East, Mediterranean and Central Asia^1^. They were a part of human diets in hunter-gatherers communities^2^ and are one of the most ancient cultivated crops^3,4^. Europe has always been rich in languages^5^, with individual families still preserving common vocabularies related to agriculture^6,7^. The evidence on the early pulse history witnessed by the attested roots in diverse Eurasian proto-languages remains insufficiently clarified and its potential for supporting archaeobotanical findings is still non-assessed. Here we show that the paleolinguistic research may contribute to archaeobotany in understanding the role traditional Eurasian pulse crops had in the everyday life of ancient Europeans. It was found that the Proto-Indo-European language^8,9^ had the largest number of roots directly related to pulses, such as *arnk(')- (a leguminous plant), *bhabh- (field bean), *erəgw[h]- (a kernel of leguminous plant; pea), *ghArs- (a leguminous plant), *kek-, *k'ik'- (pea) and *lent- (lentil)^10,11,12^, numerous words subsequently related to pulses^13,14^ and borrowings from one branch to another^15^, confirming their essential place in the nutrition of Proto-Indo-Europeans^16,17,18^. It was also determined that pea was the most important among Proto-Uralic people^19,20,21^, while pea and lentil were the most significant in the agriculture of Proto-Altaic people^22,23,24^. Pea and bean were most common among Caucasians^25,26^, Basques^27,28^ and their hypothetical common forefathers^29^ and bean and lentil among the Afro-Asiatic ancestors of modern Maltese^30^. Our results demonstrate that pulses were common among the ancestors of present European nations and that paleolinguistics and its lexicological and etymological analysis may be useful in better understanding the earliest days of traditional Eurasian crops. We believe our results could be a basis for advanced multidisciplinary approach to the pulse crop domestication, involving plant scientists, archaeobotanists and linguists, and for reconstructing even earlier periods of pulse history

W4 theory for computational thermochemistry: in pursuit of confident sub-kJ/mol predictions

In an attempt to improve on our earlier W3 theory [J. Chem. Phys. {\bf 120}, 4129 (2004)] we consider such refinements as more accurate estimates for the contribution of connected quadruple excitations ($\hat{T}_4$), inclusion of connected quintuple excitations ($\hat{T}_5$), diagonal Born-Oppenheimer corrections (DBOC), and improved basis set extrapolation procedures. Revised experimental data for validation purposes were obtained from the latest version of the ATcT (Active Thermochemical Tables) Thermochemical Network. We found that the CCSDTQ$-$CCSDT(Q) difference converges quite rapidly with the basis set, and that the formula 1.10[CCSDT(Q)/cc-pVTZ+CCSDTQ/cc-pVDZ$-$CCSDT(Q)/cc-pVDZ] offers a very reliable as well as fairly cost-effective estimate of the basis set limit $\hat{T}_4$ contribution. The largest $\hat{T}_5$ contribution found in the present work is on the order of 0.5 kcal/mol (for ozone). DBOC corrections are significant at the 0.1 kcal/mol level in hydride systems. . Based on the accumulated experience, a new computational thermochemistry protocol for first-and second-row main-group systems, to be known as W4 theory, is proposed. Our W4 atomization energies for a number of key species are in excellent agreement (better than 0.1 kcal/mol on average, 95% confidence intervals narrower than 1 kJ/mol) with the latest experimental data obtained from Active Thermochemical Tables. A simple {\em a priori} estimate for the importance of post-CCSD(T) correlation contributions (and hence a pessimistic estimate for the error in a W2-type calculation) is proposed.Comment: J. Chem. Phys., in press; electronic supporting information available at http://theochem.weizmann.ac.il/web/papers/w4.htm