Pengukuran keparahan gejala penyakit kuning dan kandungan nitrogen tanaman cabai terinfeksi virus gemini berbasis spektral biosensor

Virus gemini penyebab penyakit keriting daun kuning pada tanaman cabai dikenal dengan Pepper yellow leaf curl virus. Infeksi virus mengakibatkan kerusakan morfologi seperti, malformasi daun, daun kecil, leaf cupping, dan tanaman kerdil. Bukan hanya gangguan morfologi tetapi juga gangguan fisiologi seperti kandungan nitrogen dan klorofil daun tanaman cabai. Seiring dengan perkembangan teknologi digital maka penilaian keparahan gejala, pengukuran kandungan klorofil dan nitrogen dan luas daun terinfeksi virus gemini dapat dilakukan dengan teknik spektral biosensor. Metode ini merekam reflektansi cahaya merah, hijau, dan biru (Red, Green, Blue/RGB) dari objek tanaman cabai. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengukur kandungan nitrogen dan klorofil tanaman cabai terinfeksi virus gemini dan luas daun terinfeksi virus gemini. Metode yang digunakan untuk mengukur reflektansi RGB adalah spektral biosensir dengan menggunakan software ImageJ processing. Pengambilan sampel tanaman cabai terinfeksi virus gemini ditentukan secara acak berdasarkan gejala pada pertanaman cabai di pulau Muna dan Buton. Variabel yang digunakan adalah gejala dan keparahan gejala virus gemini, kandungan nitrogen dan klorofil tanaman cabai terinfeksi virus gemini, luas daun terinfeksi virus gemini. Analisis data dilakukan secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menggunakan metode citra digital software ImageJ menunjukkan bahwa gejala bervariasi berpengaruh pada keparahan gejala tertinggi Lakanaha sebesar 95,56%, dan rendah Suka Damai sebesar 33,33%. Kandungan nitrogen meningkat Suka Damai sebesar 49,90 dan rendah Lambiku 10,42, Kandungan klorofil tertinggi Pentiro sebesar 24,21 dan rendah Lakanaha sebesar 1,12. Luas daun tertinggi Pentiro sebesar 4,727 cm2, dan rendah Labukolo 1,243 cm2

BIOSPHERE measurement campaign from January 2024 to March 2024 and in May 2024: Effects of the solar events on the radiation belts, UV radiation and ozone in the atmosphere

In this work, we analyzed simultaneous observations of solar particles and solar electromagnetic ultraviolet (UV) radiation during solar events from January 2024 to May 2024. Measurement campaigns to study the effects of space radiation on the terrestrial atmosphere were conducted in the framework of the project BIOSPHERE. We show the results of the campaign in Brussels from 1 January 2024 to 31 March 2024, during which several solar energetic particle (SEP) events were observed by the spacecraft GOES and OMNI, together with two big geomagnetic storms in March 2024 and May 2024 associated with solar eruptions. The last two events combine the arrival of a SEP event with a geomagnetic storm. On 11 May 2024, the biggest geomagnetic storm for the last 20 years was observed. These events enabled us to identify effects due to UV, solar particles, and geomagnetic storms. The impact of these events on the terrestrial radiation belts, illustrated by satellite observations like PROBA-V/EPT and on the atmospheric ozone using AURA/MLS is demonstrated. For the measurement campaign, muon and neutron monitors showed a Forbush decrease only during the geomagnetic storm at the end of March 2024 and in May 2024. Complemented by a simulation of radiation effects on the ionization rate of the atmosphere as a function of the altitude, the extensive range of different observations available during this measurement campaign demonstrated that SEP and geomagnetic storms due to solar eruptions had very different effects on the terrestrial atmosphere. The geomagnetic storms mainly modified the energetic electrons trapped in the space environment of the Earth and affected the ionization of the atmosphere above 60 km. They also modified the cosmic ray injections, mainly at high latitudes, creating Forbush decrease for the most intense ones. SEP events injected energetic protons in the atmosphere that could penetrate deeper in the atmosphere because they had more energy than the electrons. They could impact ozone, mainly at high altitude in the thermosphere. Solar activity variation associated with the rotation of the solar active regions in 27 days modulated UV. The measurements of these electromagnetic and particle radiations are crucial because they have important health implications

Integrating plasmasphere, ionosphere and thermosphere observations and models into a standardised open access research environment: The PITHIA-NRF international project

The PITHIA-NRF project “Plasmasphere Ionosphere Thermosphere Integrated Research Environment and Access services: a Network of Research Facilities” aims at building a European distributed network that integrates observations from space and ground, data processing tools and models to support scientific research on the Plasmasphere-Ionosphere-Thermosphere system. PITHIA-NRF is designed to provide formalised open access to experimental facilities, data and models, standardised data products, and training services. Participating organisations that operate these facilities, formed twelve nodes in eleven European countries. These nodes work on optimising their observing facilities and offer trans-national access to scientists and engineers. The PITHIA-NRF e-Science Centre is a core element of the project. Its design and evolution are controlled by a systematic ontology which governs the collection of scientific observations and research models, jointly termed data collections, which are registered with the e-Science Centre. Several tens of data collections are being registered. Data collection registrations adhere to FAIR principles and transparent quality measures to a large extent. The e-Science Centre facilitates the execution of research projects proposed by researchers from inside and outside the PITHIA-NRF consortium which require trans-national access to and understanding of data collections (observations and models) residing at one or several PITHIA-NRF nodes. Upon completion of the project a comprehensive collection of observations and models will have been gathered by the e-Science Centre for the benefit of efficient scientific research which relies on Europe-wide collaboration

Fingerprints for Structural Defects in Poly(thienylene vinylene) (PTV): A Joint Theoretical–Experimental NMR Study on Model Molecules

In the field of plastic electronics, low band gap conjugated polymers like poly(thienylene vinylene) (PTV) and its derivatives are a promising class of materials that can be obtained with high molecular weight via the so-called dithiocarbamate precursor route. We have performed a joint experimental- theoretical study of the full NMR chemical shift assignment in a series of thiophene-based model compounds, which aims at (i) benchmarking the quantum-chemical calculations against experiments, (ii) identifying the signature of possible structural defects that can appear during the polymerization of PTV's, namely head-to-head and tail-to-tail defects, and (iii) defining a criterion regarding regioregularity