133 research outputs found
Generalized Universality for TMD Distribution Functions
Azimuthal asymmetries in high-energy processes, most pronounced showing up in
combination with single or double (transverse) spin asymmetries, can be
understood with the help of transverse momentum dependent (TMD) parton
distribution and fragmentation functions. These appear in correlators
containing expectation values of quark and gluon operators. TMDs allow access
to new operators as compared to collinear (transverse momentum integrated)
correlators. These operators include nontrivial process dependent Wilson lines
breaking universality for TMDs. Making an angular decomposition in the
azimuthal angle, we define a set of universal TMDs of definite rank, which
appear with process dependent gluonic pole factors in a way similar to the sign
of T-odd parton distribution functions in deep inelastic scattering or the
Drell-Yan process. In particular, we show that for a spin 1/2 quark target
there are three pretzelocity functions.Comment: 9 pages, updated references and minor corrections, to appear in the
proceedings of the QCD Evolution Workshop 2012 (May 14-17, JLAB
Wilson Lines off the Light-cone in TMD PDFs
Transverse Momentum Dependent (TMD) parton distribution functions (PDFs) also
take into account the transverse momentum () of the partons. The
-integrated analogues can be linked directly to quark and gluon matrix
elements using the operator product expansion in QCD, involving operators of
definite twist. TMDs also involve operators of higher twist, which are not
suppressed by powers of the hard scale, however. Taking into account gauge
links that no longer are along the light-cone, one finds that new distribution
functions arise. They appear at leading order in the description of azimuthal
asymmetries in high-energy scattering processes. In analogy to the collinear
operator expansion, we define a universal set of TMDs of definite rank and
point out the importance for phenomenology.Comment: 12 pages, presented by the first author at the Light-Cone Conference
2013, May 20-24, 2013, Skiathos, Greece. To be published in Few Body System
Physiciansâ Perspectives on Ethical Issues Regarding Expensive Anti-Cancer Treatments:A Qualitative Study
Gauge links for transverse momentum dependent correlators at tree-level
In this paper we discuss the incorporation of gauge links in hadronic matrix
elements that describe the soft hadronic physics in high energy scattering
processes. In this description the matrix elements appear in soft correlators
and they contain non-local combinations of quark and gluon fields. In our
description we go beyond the collinear approach in which case also the
dependence on transverse momenta of partons is taken into consideration. The
non-locality in the transverse direction leads to a complex gauge link
structure for the full process, in which color is entangled, even at
tree-level. We show that at tree-level in a 1-parton unintegrated (1PU)
situation, in which only the transverse momentum of one of the initial state
hadrons is relevant, one can get a factorized expression involving transverse
momentum dependent (TMD) distribution functions. We point out problems at the
level of two initial state hadrons, even for relatively simple processes such
as Drell-Yan scattering.Comment: 25 pages, corrected typos and updated reference
Ethics of access to newly approved expensive medical treatments:multi-stakeholder dialogues in a publicly funded healthcare system
Background: Due to rising healthcare expenditures, countries with publicly funded healthcare systems face challenges when providing newly approved expensive anti-cancer treatments to all eligible patients. In the Netherlands in 2015, the so-called Coverage Lock (CL), was introduced to help safeguard the sustainability of the healthcare system. Since then, newly approved treatments are no longer automatically reimbursed. Previous work has shown that as policies for access to CL treatments are lacking, patient access to non-reimbursed treatments is limited and variable, which raises ethical issues. The ethics of access were discussed in a series of multi-stakeholder dialogues in the Netherlands. Methods: Three dialogues were held in early 2023 and included physicians, health insurers, hospital executives, policymakers, patients, citizens, and representatives of pharmaceutical companies, patient and professional organizations. In advance, participants had received an âargument schemeâ featuring three models: 1) access based on third-party payment (e.g., by pharmaceutical companies, health insurers or hospitals) 2) access based on out-of-pocket payments by patients 3) no access to CL treatments. During the dialogues, participants were asked to discuss the merits of the ethical arguments for and against these models together, and ultimately to weigh them. The discussions were audio-taped, transcribed, coded, and thematically analyzed. Results: Generally, most stakeholders were in favour of allowing accessâat least when treatments are clearly beneficialâto treatments in the CL. When discussing third-party payment, stakeholders favoured payment by pharmaceutical companies over payment by health insurers or hospitals, not wanting to usurp collective funds while cost-effectiveness assessments are still pending. Largely, stakeholders were not in favour of out-of-pocket payments, emphasizing solidarity and equal access as important pillars of the Dutch healthcare system. Recurrent themes included the conflict between individual and collective interests, shifting attitudes, withholding access as a means to put pressure on the system, and the importance of transparency about access to CL-treatments. Conclusion: Policies for access to non-reimbursed treatments should address stakeholdersâ concerns regarding transparency, equal access and solidarity, and loss of potential health benefits for patients. Multi-stakeholder dialogues are an important tool to help inform policy-making on access to newly approved (too) expensive treatments in countries facing challenges to the sustainability of healthcare systems.</p
Ketogenic diet modifies the gut microbiota in a murine model of autism spectrum disorder
BackgroundGastrointestinal dysfunction and gut microbial composition disturbances have been widely reported in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study examines whether gut microbiome disturbances are present in the BTBR(Tâ+âtf/j) (BTBR) mouse model of ASD and if the ketogenic diet, a diet previously shown to elicit therapeutic benefit in this mouse model, is capable of altering the profile.FindingsJuvenile male C57BL/6 (B6) and BTBR mice were fed a standard chow (CH, 13Â %Â kcal fat) or ketogenic diet (KD, 75Â %Â kcal fat) for 10-14Â days. Following diets, fecal and cecal samples were collected for analysis. Main findings are as follows: (1) gut microbiota compositions of cecal and fecal samples were altered in BTBR compared to control mice, indicating that this model may be of utility in understanding gut-brain interactions in ASD; (2) KD consumption caused an anti-microbial-like effect by significantly decreasing total host bacterial abundance in cecal and fecal matter; (3) specific to BTBR animals, the KD counteracted the common ASD phenotype of a low Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio in both sample types; and (4) the KD reversed elevated Akkermansia muciniphila content in the cecal and fecal matter of BTBR animals.ConclusionsResults indicate that consumption of a KD likely triggers reductions in total gut microbial counts and compositional remodeling in the BTBR mouse. These findings may explain, in part, the ability of a KD to mitigate some of the neurological symptoms associated with ASD in an animal model
Monitor subsidieregeling leerlingen met kenmerken van (hoog)begaafdheid in het primair en voortgezet onderwijs:: Derde meting 2021/2022
Parameterization of the quark-quark correlator of a spin-1/2 hadron
The general parameterization of the quark-quark correlation function for a
spin-1/2 hadron is considered. The presence of the Wilson line ensuring color
gauge invariance of the correlator induces structures that were not given
explicitly in the existing literature. In particular, the general form of the
transverse momentum dependent correlator entering various hard scattering
processes is derived. In this case two new time-reversal odd parton
distributions appear at the twist-3 level.Comment: 8 page
Left-right asymmetry for pion and kaon production in the semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering process
We analyze the left-right asymmetry in the semi-inclusive deep inelastic
scattering (SIDIS) process without introducing any weighting functions. With
the current theoretical understanding, we find that the Sivers effect plays a
key role in our analysis. We use the latest parametrization of the Sivers and
fragmentation functions to reanalyze the production process and find
that the results are sensitive to the parametrization. We also extend our
calculation on the production, which can help us know more about the
Sivers distribution of the sea quarks and the unfavored fragmentation
processes. HERMES kinematics with a proton target, COMPASS kinematics with a
proton, deuteron, and neutron target (the information on the neutron target can
be effectively extracted from the He target), and JLab kinematics (both 6
GeV and 12 GeV) with a proton and neutron target are considered in our paper.Comment: 7 latex pages, 11 figures, final version for publication, with
references update
Transverse-Momentum Distributions and Spherical Symmetry
Transverse-momentum dependent parton distributions (TMDs) are studied in the
framework of quark models. In particular, quark model relations among TMDs are
reviewed and their physical origin is discussed in terms of rotational-symmetry
properties of the nucleon state in its rest frame.Comment: 8 pages, 2 figures, prepared for the workshop "30 years of strong
interactions", Spa, Belgium, 6-8 April 201
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