ETHICAL LEADERSHIP IN EDUCATION AND ITS RELATION TO EDUCATION MANAGEMENT ETHICS

This study relied on examining the relevant literature, and researchers’ opinion on ethical leadership in education and its relation to education management ethics, as management ethics is defined as a behavior rules of the school principals in management activities in day to day bases, taking into consideration that school teachers and principals are obliged to obey to the rules and regulation with regards to culture and tradition of what’s good and what’s bad in line with ethics principles, considering schools’ principals are honest and fair in their behavior, and everyone in the school should be treated equally. Ethical leadership is characterized with ethics values in the management function as to decision making, behavioral ethics, communication, coordination, leading, planning and organizing, thus the ethical values that ethical leadership have in playing a leadership role also play a great role in the institutions, and the values that education principals  have are determined by determining educational policies and philosophy, trying to implement these policies through oriented programs, selecting, developing and evaluating staff, rational use of resources, creating a healthy school culture.  Article visualizations

Word naming slows picture naming but does not affect cumulative semantic interference

Two experiments are reported which investigate the effect of processing words prior to naming target pictures. In Experiment 1, participants named (read aloud) sequences of five printed prime words and five target pictures from the same semantic category, and also sequences of five prime words from a different unrelated semantic category to the five related target pictures. Picture and words were interleaved, with two unrelated filler stimuli in between prime and target stimuli (i.e. a lag of 3 between primes and targets). Results showed that across the five target picture naming trials (i.e. across ordinal position of picture), picture naming times increased linearly, replicating the cumulative semantic interference (CSI) effect (e.g., Howard, Nickels, Coltheart, & Cole-Virtue, 2006). Related prime words slowed picture naming, replicating the effects found in paired word prime and picture target studies (e.g., Tree & Hirsh, 2003). However, the naming of the five related prime words did not modify the picture naming CSI effect, with this null result converging with findings from a different word and picture design (e.g., Navarrete, Mahon, & Caramazza, 2010). In Experiment 2, participants categorised the prime word stimuli as manmade versus natural, so that words were more fully processed at a conceptual level. The interaction between word prime relatedness and ordinal position of the named target picture was significant. These results are consistent with adjustments at the conceptual level (Belke, 2013; Roelofs, 2018) which last over several trials at least. By contrast, we conclude that the distinct word-to-picture naming interference effect from Experiment 1 must originate outside of the conceptual level and outside of the mappings between semantics and lexical representations. We discuss the results with reference to recent theoretical accounts of the CSI picture naming effect and word naming models

Multi-level supervisory emergency control for operation of remote area microgrid clusters

Remote and regional areas are usually supplied by isolated and self-sufficient electricity systems, which are called as microgrids (MGs). To reduce the overall cost of electricity production, MGs rely on non-dispatchable renewable sources. Emergencies such as overloading or excessive generation by renewable sources can result in a substantial voltage or frequency deviation in MGs. This paper presents a supervisory controller for such emergencies. The key idea is to remedy the emergencies by optimal internal or external support. A multi-level controller with soft, intermedial and hard actions is proposed. The soft actions include the adjustment of the droop parameters of the sources and the controlling of the charge/discharge of energy storages. The intermedial action is exchanging power with neighboring MGs, which is highly probable in large remote areas. As the last remedying resort, curtailing loads or renewable sources are assumed as hard actions. The proposed controller employs an optimization technique consisting of certain objectives such as reducing power loss in the tie-lines amongst MGs and the dependency of an MG to other MGs, as well as enhancing the contribution of renewable sources in electricity generation. Minimization of the fuel consumption and emissions of conventional generators, along with frequency and voltage deviation, is the other desired objectives. The performance of the proposal is evaluated by several numerical analyses in MATLAB®

Globalization and its impact on the local identity of architecture

This paper explores the concept of architectural identity and its relationship with globalization. It analyzes the various dimensions of architecture and its development, as well as the phenomenon of globalization and its impact on local architectural identity. The paper identifies two opposing trends in this context - globalization ideology and the emphasis on architectural identity. The research problem is focused on the impact of globalization on the local architectural identity of structural design. It aims to find ways to maintain, promote, and develop architectural concepts and local architectural identity. The paper provides a literature review of globalization and explains its constituent parts, aims, and features, including its positive and negative aspects and associated risks. It also explores the findings regarding cultural dimensions of globalization, focusing on the cultural dimension. The paper discusses the relationship between culture, globalization, architecture, and architectural identity while considering an intellectual extent as defined by one of its definitions. Overall, this research aims to provide an optimal solution to counteract the negative impact of globalization on architectural identity and promote its development

Enhancement of solubility and release profile of simvastatin by co-crystallization with citric acid

Purpose: To enhance the solubility and dissolution profile of simvastatin (SIM) via co-crystallization with varying levels of citric acid using various techniques. Method: Simvastatin-citric acid (SIM-CA) co-crystals were prepared using dry grinding, slurry, liquidassisted grinding, and solvent evaporation techniques, and their various properties were compared. A total of twelve formulations (CC01 to CC12) were prepared. Optimized formulations were selected on the basis of dissolution profiles. Flow properties were evaluated using micromeritic analysis, yielding angle of repose, Carr’s index and Hausner’s ratio. Zeta sizer was employed to evaluate particle size distribution, while surface morphology was determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Melting temperature, stability and physical interaction of simvastatin-citric acid co-crystals were determined by thermal analysis and FTIR. The crystalline nature of the co-crystals was evaluated by powder x-ray diffraction analysis, while solubility and dissolution studies were performed to determine in vitro drug release behavior. Results: Micromeritic analysis revealed good flow properties of SIM-CA co-crystals. Results of Zeta sizer analysis showed that the particle sizes of the co-crystals were in the nanometer range, while SEM revealed that the co-crystals had regular cubical shape. Thermal stability studies with TGA and DSC showed that the co-crystals were stable at temperatures exceeding 400 oC. FTIR results revealed minor shifts in 2956 and 1706 cm-1 peaks. Co-crystal formation was confirmed by PXRD data. The drug release profiles of the optimized formulations (CC02, CC07 and CC11) were 11.36 - 94.46, 12.36 - 95.46 and 13.36 - 96.46 %, respectively. There was significant improvement in solubilities of the optimum formulations, with values of 310.18, 427.21 and 522.02 % for CC02, CC07 and CC11, respectively. Conclusion: Citric acid improves the solubility and dissolution profile of the poorly water-soluble drug, simvastatin, which suggests that co-crystallization can potentially enhance the bioavailability of the drug

Cloaking using the anisotropic multilayer sphere

We studied a Spherically Radially Anisotropic (SRA) multilayer sphere with an arbitrary number of layers. Within each layer permittivity components are different from each other in radial and tangential directions. Under the quasi-static approximation, we developed a more generalized mathematical model that can be used to calculate polarizability of the SRA multilayer sphere with any arbitrary number of layers. Moreover, the functionality of the SRA multilayer sphere as a cloak has been investigated. It has been shown that by choosing a suitable contrast between components of the permittivity, the SRA multilayer sphere can achieve threshold required for invisibility cloaking

Estimation of Antibodies against Saccharomyces Cerevisiae in Patients with Indeterminate Colitis

Background: Indeterminate colitis (IC) originally referred to those 10–15% of cases of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in which there was difficulty distinguishing between ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD) in the colectomy specimen and histopathology examination. However, IC is increasingly used when a definitive diagnosis of UC or CD cannot be made at colonoscopy examination, colonic biopsies or at colectomy. The diagnostic difficulties may explain the variably reported prevalence of IC. Clinically, most patients with IC evolve to a definite diagnosis of UC or CD on follow up. Patients and methods: PATIENTS GROUP: Consisted of 80 patients with indeterminate colitis (IC), their age ranged (16-84 years), mean age was 45.5 years, 50 (62.5%) were males and 30 (37.5%) were females. CONTROL GROUP: Consist of 40 healthy volunteers, mean age was 39.3 years, 20 of them were male and the rest were females. Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies  (ASCA) were detected using indirect immunofluorescence test (IIF) test. Results: Results of ASCA antibodies in the serum of IC patients showed significant higher frequency (66.2%)(p>0.001) than control group(7.5%). The commonest isotype of this ASCA antibody was IgG (53.7%) that is significantly higher than control group (P>0.001). The sensitivity of ASCA was 63.1 %, specificity was 28.5% and positive predictive value of ASCA was 80% and negative predictive value was 78.5%. Conclusions: In conclusion, higher frequency of ASCA (IgG) expression in IC was useful in early estimation of IC and could be used as serological marker