859 research outputs found
Exhaust system energy management of internal combustion engines
Today, the investigation of fuel economy improvements in internal combustion engines
(ICEs) has become the most significant research interest among the automobile
manufacturers and researchers. The scarcity of natural resources, progressively increasing
oil prices, carbon dioxide taxation and stringent emission regulations all make fuel economy
research relevant and compelling. The enhancement of engine performance solely using incylinder
techniques is proving increasingly difficult and as a consequence the concept of
exhaust energy recovery has emerged as an area of considerable interest.
Three main energy recovery systems have been identified that are at various stages of
investigation. Vapour power bottoming cycles and turbo-compounding devices have already
been applied in commercially available marine engines and automobiles. Although the fuel
economy benefits are substantial, system design implications have limited their adaptation
due to the additional components and the complexity of the resulting system. In this context,
thermo-electric (TE) generation systems, though still in their infancy for vehicle applications
have been identified as attractive, promising and solid state candidates of low complexity.
The performance of these devices is limited to the relative infancy of materials investigations
and module architectures. There is great potential to be explored.
The initial modelling work reported in this study shows that with current materials and
construction technology, thermo-electric devices could be produced to displace the alternator
of the light duty vehicles, providing the fuel economy benefits of 3.9%-4.7% for passenger
cars and 7.4% for passenger buses. More efficient thermo-electric materials could increase
the fuel economy significantly resulting in a substantially improved business case.
The dynamic behaviour of the thermo-electric generator (TEG) applied in both, main exhaust
gas stream and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) path of light duty and heavy duty engines
were studied through a series of experimental and modelling programs. The analyses of the
thermo-electric generation systems have highlighted the need for advanced heat exchanger
design as well as the improved materials to enhance the performance of these systems.
These research requirements led to the need for a systems evaluation technique typified by
hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testing method to evaluate heat exchange and materials options.
HIL methods have been used during this study to estimate both the output power and the
exhaust back pressure created by the device.
The work has established the feasibility of a new approach to heat exchange devices for
thermo-electric systems. Based on design projections and the predicted performance of new
materials, the potential to match the performance of established heat recovery methods has
been demonstrated
-dimensional positively curved manifolds with -symmetry
We show that ten-dimensional closed simply connected positively curved
manifolds with isometric effective actions of three-dimensional tori are
homotopy spheres or homotopy complex projective spaces.Comment: 16 page
Metallic Nanoparticles Applications in Medicine
Metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) are revolutionizing the field of medicine with their unique properties and diverse applications. From targeted drug delivery and photothermal therapy to bioimaging and biosensing, MNPs hold immense potential to improve diagnosis, treatment, and disease monitoring. This review explores the current state of MNP research in medicine, highlighting their diverse applications, advantages, and challenges
Transmission protocols in Cognitive Radio Mesh Networks
A Cognitive Radio (CR) is a radio that can adjust its transmission limit based on available spectrum in its operational surroundings. Cognitive Radio Network (CRN) is made up of both the licensed users and unlicensed users with CR enable and disabled radios. CR’S supports to access dynamic spectrum and supports secondary user to access underutilized spectrum efficiently, which was allocated to primary users. In CRN’S most of the research was done on spectrum allocation, spectrum sensing and spectrum sharing. In this literature, we present various Medium Access (MAC) protocols of CRN’S. This study would provide an excellent study of MAC strategies
HCIFR: Hierarchical Clustering and Iterative Filtering Routing Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks
The hierarchical clustering and iterative filtering algorithms are combined to form an energy efficient routing algorithm which supports in improved performance, efficient routing at the time of link failure, collusion robust and secure data aggregation. The idea of combining these two algorithms which may lead to improved performance. Initially clusters are formed by neighborhood. The cluster is a combination of one clusterhead, two deputy clusterheads and cluster members. This system uses a Hierarchical clustering algorithm for efficient data transmission to their clusterhead by cluster members. The clusterhead aggregate the collected data and check for trustworthiness. The data is aggregated by clusterhead using the iterative filtering algorithm and resistant to collusion attacks. Simulation results depict the average energy consumption, throughput, packet drops and packet delivery under the influence of proposed algorithm
- …