Genotoxicity and genomic instability in oral epithelial cells of agricultural workers exposed to pesticides using micronucleus and comet assay in Nineveh, Iraq

In agriculture, pesticides are used to preserve plants, but they might be dangerous for farmers and the environment. The present study aimed to use the comet assay and the micronucleus (MN) test to assess the genotoxic effects on lymphocytes and buccal exfoliation in pesticide-exposed male agricultural workers. The samples were collected from 102 workers having exposure to pesticides (Roundup SL, Weed waster, and paraquat 20% SL) and 100 control individuals (without pesticide exposure) from different Mosul, Iraq, neighbourhoods. With the help of the comet assay and the MN test, exfoliated buccal cells from the individuals were analyzed for DNA damage. Each individual's lymphocytes and epithelial baseline cells had their comet tail length assessed, along with any other nuclear abnormalities such as nuclear buds, karyolysis, karyorrhexis, and binucleate cells. The results showed that the frequency of MN considerably rose in the exposed group, and that group also revealed nuclear anomalies linked to cytotoxic or genotoxic effects. There were significant disparities in the amount of DNA damage between recently exposed employees and controls and recently exposed and followed-up cases. In comparison to controls, there was a considerable increase in the and frequency of cells that migrated in exposed workers. However, it was shown that confounding factors, such as age and the varying length of pesticide exposure, substantially impacted DNA damage. Educational programs for agricultural workers are critical to limit the use of chemicals in agriculture, given the evidence of a genetic risk associated with exposure brought on by the extensive use of pesticides

Crushing behaviour of kenaf fibre-reinforced epoxy composite elliptical tubes

Design selection is an important topic in the industry to manufacturing sustainable and competitive products. To meet the needs of strength and durability at component level, the shape can be used as a design tool during the early stages of the design process.The familiar range of tubular sections such as namely square, rectangular and circular hollow sections, this study attempts to addition a new hollow sections is elliptical tubes to tubular family. The new sections combine the elegance of circular hollow sections with the improved structural efficiency under crushing load conditions due to the differing flexural rigidities about the two principal axes. The purpose of this research is to study and analyzed crushing behaviour of composite elliptical tubes on the energy absorption. The main materials used in this project are unsaturated polymer resin, kenaf and wool fibers. A hand lay-up technique was used to fabricate the specimens of composite elliptical tubes. The specimens are tested for the quasi-static compressive testing. Four objectives were performed for crushing test. The first objective was to study the effect of vertex angles on crashworthiness parameters, energy absorption and failure mode; the vertex angles vary from 0° to 24° in 6° increments, the specific energy absorption for the composite elliptical cones showed a positive correlation, i.e., the vertex angle increased, the more energy was absorbed. In this regard, composite elliptical cone with the vertex angle is 24º exhibited the highest specific energy absorption capability equal to 441.473 kJ/kg. The objective two was devoted to study the effect of holes on crushing behaviour of composite elliptical tubes under axial load, four different elliptical tubes; three tubes with holes of (4, 6 and 8) and one without holes at same dimensions. Crushing behavior of kenaf composite elliptical tubes was affected by holes in their wall, results kenaf tubes without holes attributed to a lower initial peak load, (Pi) followed by a lower mean crush load compared with other tubes. It was clear from resulte that the average crush load increaes when holes increaes. Furthermore, On the other hand, it can be noticed that the kenaf tube with holes of 8 resulted the best specific energy (Es) of (486.207kJ/kg ) as well as biggest value of average crushing load equal to 21.043kN. Objective three involved fabrication and testing of four elliptical tubes, three supported by wooden sticks (four, six, and eight sticks) and unsupported to determine the effect of supported on crashworthiness parameters of natural kenaf fibre reinforced composite elliptical tubes. The supported can control the load distribution during the crushing period and can increase the carrying loads of the structure. The results revealed that all specimens have failed in longitudinal failure modes; the number of wooden sticks increases the more energy absorbed. . In this regard, the tube with eight wooden sticks exhibited the highest specific energy absorption capability of 570.7329 kJ/kg and highest value of the average load of 12.401 kN. The last objective, was to study the effect of fibre content on the crashworthiness parameters, energy absorption and the failure modes of kenaf fibre- reinforced elliptical composite.tube. Various fibre contents were considered, including 30%, 35% and 40%. Reinforced fibers are strong and effective for improving the mechanical properties of composite materials. One the other hand, wool fibre used for reinforced elliptical composite tube to investigate the effect of fiber type on crashworthiness parameters and energy absorption. The main goal is to maximize the amount of impact energy absorbed, improve crashworthiness parameters in tube structure and at the same time minimize its weight. The methodology is based on comparison between kenaf and wool tube type with fiber content of 30%, 35% and 40%. It should be noted that an increase in the fiber content might not always necessarily improve the specific energy absorption capability. As the fiber volume fraction increases, the volume of the matrix between the fibers decreases. In this regard, the fiber content increases the specific energy absorption capability decreases. Overall, the wool tube with fiber content of 30% have the best value of specific energy absorption of 235.646kJ/kg. Above all, the experimental tests considered in this study results that the tube supporting by wooden sticks of 8 exhibited the highest specific energy absorption capability compared to all other tested samples. Furthermore, it was observed that tubes with wooden sticks of 8 displayed the specific energy absorption 570.7329 kJ/kg greater than those tubes with holes, vertex angle, fibre content respectively. The specific energy absorption by wool tube greater than that kenaf tube in the rate of 16%

دراسة حرکیة التحلل الصوتی(Sonolysis) للمبید الفسفوری (chlorpyrifos)

During this research the degradation has been studied for the pesticide Chlorpyrifos (phosphorus pesticide) by ultrasonic technique (sonolysis) through the use of different amplitudes (100,50,25%) from amplitude generator ultrasound, for the periods of time (30,20,10,5) minute with the concentrations (40,30,20) ppm for pesticide Chlorpyrifos. It has been dealt with the degradation by measuring the changes in the electrical conductivity (EC) and (pH). The results showed that sonolysis of Chlorpyrifos increases with each the time and the amplitude of the ultrasound. The value of the electrical conductivity (EC) up to the highest value at the period of time 30 minutes and all amplitude, but it reaches its highest value at amplitude 100% with all the concentrations used, because of the liberation of different ions in the reaction mixture. The pH value decreases to the lowest value at the same condition, because the number of hydrogen atoms increases. The kinetic studies explained that the rate of decomposition by the ultrasound for pesticide Chlorpyrifos from the first order and all concentrations and amplitudes used and so draw the relationship between the (Ln (Ec/Ec0) and duration of exposure ultrasonic

Wytrzymałość na zgniatanie rur eliptycznych z „zielonych” kompozytów epoksydowych wzmacnianych włóknami kenafu i prętami drewnianymi

In this paper, an investigation on crushing behavior of kenaf fiber/wooden stick reinforced epoxy hybrid composite elliptical tubes is presented. Kenaf fiber reinforced epoxy elliptical composite tubes, unsupported and supported by wooden sticks (4, 6 and 8), were fabricated using hand lay-up process. The crushing tests were performed at a constant speed of 20 mm/s to explore the potential effect of wooden sticks on the specific energy and mechanical behavior of kenaf fiber reinforced epoxy composite elliptical tubes. As a result of the study, it was found that the load carrying capacities of kenaf fiber reinforced epoxy composite tubes were gradually increased with the number of wooden sticks. Generally, the investigation showed that kenaf fiber reinforce depoxy composite elliptical tubes supported by wooden sticks demonstrated superior specific energy absorption and crashworthiness compared to the composite tubes unsupported. Further, the results also revealed that all specimens have failed in longitudinal failure modes. In this regard, an elliptical composite tube supported by 8 wooden sticks exhibited the best energy absorption capability.Przedstawiono wyniki badań odporności na zgniatanie eliptycznych rur wykonanych metodą laminowania ręcznego z hybrydowych kompozytów żywicy epoksydowej z włóknami kenafu, wzmacnianych 4, 6 lub 8 prętami drewnianymi. Testy zgniatania prowadzono przy stałej szybkości 20 mm/s, w celu oceny potencjalnego wpływu wzmacniających prętów drewnianych na energię właściwą oraz właściwości mechaniczne kompozytów. Stwierdzono, że zdolność do przenoszenia obciążeń przez rury kompozytowe zwiększała się ze wzrostem liczby prętów wzmacniających. Badania wykazały, że wzmocnienie prętami drewnianymi rur eliptycznych z kompozytów żywicy epoksydowej z włóknami kenafu wpływa na zwiększenie zdolności absorpcji energii oraz odporności na zderzenia. Wszystkie próbki ulegały zniszczeniu w kierunku wzdłużnym. Największą zdolność pochłaniania energii wykazywała rura kompozytowa wspierana przez 8 prętów drewnianych