Predictive Effects of (Neo)Colonialism and Other Forms of Structural Violence on Involuntary Contacts with the Criminal Justice System in Canada: A Statistical Analysis with an Autoethnographic Perspective

Social work, since its inception, has been premised on the value of social justice. At its core, social justice is about the elimination of structural violence. Thus, social work practitioners, educators, and researchers must be acutely aware of what structural violence is, how it is perpetuated, and what can be done to work towards its reduction and ultimate elimination. However, little social work research has been dedicated to quantitatively assessing the impacts of structural violence, especially as they relate to the criminal justice system. The current study, using autoethnographic narratives and statistical analyses, contributes to important dialogues related to structural violence and social justice, and how they are related to the criminal justice system, specifically regarding policing. The purpose of this study was to test the effects of structural violence on involuntary contacts with police and criminal courts in Canada, while opening opportunities for dialogue on atonement and reconciliation. In so doing, this research was premised on working toward personal, social, and cultural understanding and transformation.Six hypotheses related to involuntary contacts with police were tested and were systematically replicated for contact with criminal courts. These hypotheses were tested using the 28th cycle of Statistics Canada’s General Social Survey. The sample consisted of 1,162 First Nations, Inuit, and Métis peoples and 27,371 white settler people. Univariate frequency distributions were employed to describe the study samples and binary logistic regression models were used to test the hypotheses across both outcomes. The independent predictive effects of being an Indigenous person, of having experienced violence in multiple structures of Canadian society, and of having experienced discrimination extensively on contacts with police and criminal courts were all quite large. The predictive effect of gender was very small. No support was found for the interaction hypotheses; meaning the effects of structural violence and discrimination are equally as harmful for everyone. However, the risk of an Indigenous person having been involuntarily contacted by the police was more than three times greater than the risk among white settler people. The autoethnographic narratives weaved throughout each of the chapters highlighted the importance of understanding both privilege and oppression and engaging in reciprocity, alliance building, trust, authenticity, and knowledge and skill transfer between Indigenous peoples and settler white people. The novel findings of this study add to the current literature related to structural violence, including colonization, and contacts with police in Canada. Moreover, the current study highlighted that without public critique and measures being instituted to bring about change, the status quo of domination over Indigenous peoples and the harmful impacts of structural violence are likely to continue. Social workers must function to eliminate continued indifference, ineffective policies, programs and practices, and deliberate acts of violence, racism, sexism, hegemonic discourses, and ignorance. Only through understanding and recognizing these issues can social workers and other helping professionals, and the public begin to develop the urgently needed counter-narratives

Structural Violence Perpetrated Against Indigenous Peoples in Canadian Criminal Courts: Meta-Analytic Evidence of Longstanding Sentencing Inequities

Social justice entails opposing discrimination and working towards eliminating structural violence. The problem of overrepresentation of Indigenous peoples across Canada’s criminal justice system, a site of structural violence, has persisted for decades. Most studies uncovered through this review and meta-analysis indicated Indigenous disadvantage in criminal sentencing. Specifically, Indigenous peoples were at much greater risk of receiving punitive sentences than non-Indigenous people. Additionally, the disparity was observed to be significantly greater among women than men. This synthesis also elucidated the paucity of data and research related to Indigenous peoples’ involvement with the court system. Implications and future research needs are discussed

Profound barriers to basic cancer care most notably experienced by uninsured women: Historical note on the present policy considerations

America is considering the replacement of Obamacare with Trumpcare. This historical cohort revisited pre-Obamacare colon cancer care among people living in poverty in California (N = 5,776). It affirmed a gender by health insurance hypothesis on nonreceipt of surgery such that uninsured women were at greater risk than uninsured men. Uninsured women were three times as likely as insured women to be denied access to such basic care. Similar men were two times as likely. America is bound to repeat such profound health care inequities if Obamacare is repealed. Instead, Obamacare ought to be retained and strengthened in all states, red and blue

Contact is a Stronger Predictor of Attitudes Toward Police than Race: A State-of-the-Art Review

Purpose – This scoping review thoroughly scanned research on race, contacts with police and attitudes toward police. An exploratory meta-analysis then assessed the strength of their associations and interaction in Canada and the USA. Key knowledge gaps and specific future research needs, synthetic and primary, were identified. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – A germinal methodological framework for conducting scoping reviews was used (Arksey and O’Malley, 2005). The authors searched for published or unpublished research over the past 15 years and retrieved 33 eligible surveys, 19 of which were included in a sample-weighted meta-analysis. Findings – The independent association of contact with attitudes toward police was estimated to be three times larger than the independent race association. Three large knowledge gaps were identified. Almost nothing is known about these associations among specific racial groups as they were typically aggregated into visible minority groupings. The authors have essentially no knowledge yet about specific racial group by a specific type of contact interactions. There is also a lack of generalizable knowledge as research has been largely restricted to locales. Originality/value – This is the first research synthesis of race and attitudes toward the police that incorporated contacts with the police. Its observation of the relative importance of contacts suggested a great preventive potential. This scoping review identified needs for a full systematic research review and a formal meta-analysis to plan future primary research including large national studies that are truly representative of Canada and America’s diversity. Such will be needed to advance more confident knowledge about the factors that would support more trusted relationships between police and people in the communities they aim to serve

Quantificando os efeitos de diferentes usos agrícolas na biomassa microbiana do solo nos biomas brasileiros.

O Brasil ocupa hoje a terceira colocação na produção agropecuária mundial. Por isso, a manutenção da qualidade do solo nas áreas agrícolas deve ser um dos principais objetivos de agricultores, ambientalistas e governo. Diversos atributos têm sido considerados como indicadores de qualidade do solo, entre eles, o C da biomassa microbiana do solo (CBM) e atributos relacionados. Neste estudo, é apresentada uma meta-análise de 68 experimentos sobre os efeitos de diferentes usos agrícolas na CBM e parâmetros relacionados nos biomas da Amazônia, Mata Atlântica, Caatinga, Cerrados, Pantanal e Pampas. A meta-análise mostrou uma redução generalizada, em todos os usos agrícolas verificados, no CBM, no carbono orgânico total (COT), na razão CBM/COT e de maneira geral, um incremento no quociente metabólico (qCO2, respiração total/CBM). Entretanto, os cultivos anuais reduziram a CBM mais drasticamente do que cultivos perenes e pastagens. A meta-análise também mostrou que, devido ao uso agrícola do solo, o CBM e a CBM/COT foram reduzidos mais drasticamente nos Cerrados, Amazônia e Pantanal do que nos demais biomas. Isto poderia indicar que esses biomas têm uma menor resiliência microbiana aos distúrbios provocados pelo uso agrícola

Três décadas de estudos sobre biomassa microbiana nos ecossistemas brasileiros: lições aprendidas sobre qualidade do solo e indicadores de sustentabilidade.

Desde a publicação do método de determinação do carbono da biomassa microbiana (CBM), foram realizados dezenas de estudos no Brasil sobre os efeitos dos diferentes usos do solo sobre o CBM e parâmetros relacionados. Nesse trabalho, tais estudos foram compilados com o objetivo de identificar as melhores estratégias para assegurar a sustentabilidade do uso do solo. Foram avaliadas as práticas de plantio direto (PD) e convencional (PC), rotações de culturas, pastagens, agricultura orgânica, queimadas, e aplicação de resíduos industriais e agroquímicos. Os efeitos do PD sobre o PC para aumentar o CBM e reduzir o qCO2 (quociente metabólico: respiração basal/CBM) foram confirmados por uma meta-análise abrangendo 233 observações experimentais. A agricultura orgânica, a rotação de culturas e a diminuição da aplicação de agroquímicos promoveram o CBM e o quociente microbiano (CBM/C orgânico total). As pastagens degradadas resultaram em diminuição do CBM, mas as pastagens rotacionadas com culturas anuais foram favoráveis à microbiota do solo. Não foram constatadas tendências claras para a resposta do CBM à aplicação de resíduos industriais. Constatouse que a avaliação do CBM é uma metodologia sólida para a avaliação da qualidade do solo no Brasil. Contudo, as relações entre o CBM, a ciclagem de nutrientes, a diversidade e a funcionalidade microbiana do solo ainda não são completamente entendidas

Interpretação de lesões no abate como ferramenta de diagnóstico das doenças respiratórias dos suínos.

bitstream/item/79756/1/Interpretacao-de-lesoes-no-abate-como-ferramenta-de-diagnostico-das-doencas-respiratorias-dos-suinos-Engormix.com.pdfProjeto/Plano de Ação: 11.11.11.111

Morbid and Mortal Inequities among Indigenous People in Canada and the United States during the COVID-19 Pandemic Critical Review of Relative Risks and Protections

The COVID-19 pandemic focused the world’s attention on gross racialized health inequities and injustices. For political and scientific reasons much less is known about the plight of Indigenous peoples than about other ethnic groups. In fact, some of the early pandemic evidence suggested that Indigenous peoples, while clearly experiencing prevalent structural violence probably also experience certain cultural protections. Aiming to begin to clarify their relative risks and protections, we conducted a rapid critical research review and sample-weighted synthesis or meta-analysis of the publishedand gray literature on four COVID-19-relevant outcomes in Canada and the United States between January 1, 2020 and August 1, 2021: vaccination, infection, severe infection, and death rates. Twenty-nine Indigenous-non-Indigenous comparative surveys or cohorts that observed 33, typically age-standardized, incidence or mortality rates or their proxies were included. Consistent with structural violence theory, we found that Indigenous peoples were significantly more likely to be infected, to experience severe COVID-19 illness, or to die as a result of their illness, Indigenous mortal risks (RR = 2.45) being significantly greater than Indigenous morbid risks (RR = 1.40). Consistent with cultural strengths theory, vaccinations seemed equitably distributed (RR = 1.02) with a suggestion of greater vaccine willingness among Indigenous peoples in some places. Clearly, much work remains to be done to decolonize Indigenous research and ultimately practices and policies in North America. Indigenous knowledge user-researcher teams and their allies have much to teach about cultural and ultimately, policy protections

Motor vehicle collision‑related injuries and deaths among Indigenous Peoples in Canada: Meta‑analysis of geo‑structural factors

Introduction: Indigenous Peoples are much more likely than non‑Indigenous Peoples to be seriously injured or die in motor vehicle collisions (MVCs). This study updates and extends a previous systematic review, suggesting that future re‑ search ought to incorporate social–environmental factors. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta‑analysis of the published and grey literature on MVCs involving Indigenous Peoples in Canada between 2010 and 2020. We focussed on personal (e.g. driving an old vehicle) and community social– environmental–economic factors (e.g. prevalent low socioeconomic status). Results: Eleven comparative cohorts that resulted in 23 at minimum, age‑standardised, mortality or morbidity rate outcomes were included in our meta‑analysis. Indigenous Peoples were twice as likely as non‑Indigenous Peoples to be seriously injured (rate ratio [RRpooled] = 2.18) and more than 3 times as likely to die (RRpooled = 3.40) in MVCs. Such great risks to Indigenous Peoples do not seem to have diminished over the past generation. Furthermore, such risks were greater on-reserves and in smaller, rural and remote, places. Conclusion: Such places may lack community resources, including fewer transportation and healthcare infrastructural investments, resulting in poorer road conditions in Indigenous communities and longer delays to trauma care. This seems to add further evidence of geo‑structural violence (geographical and institutional violence) perpetrated against Indigenous Peoples in yet more struc‑ tures (i.e. institutions) of Canadian society. Canada’s system of highways and road‑ ways and its remote health‑care system represent legitimate policy targets in aiming to solve this public health problem