Effects of antiplatelet therapy on stroke risk by brain imaging features of intracerebral haemorrhage and cerebral small vessel diseases: subgroup analyses of the RESTART randomised, open-label trial

Background Findings from the RESTART trial suggest that starting antiplatelet therapy might reduce the risk of recurrent symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage compared with avoiding antiplatelet therapy. Brain imaging features of intracerebral haemorrhage and cerebral small vessel diseases (such as cerebral microbleeds) are associated with greater risks of recurrent intracerebral haemorrhage. We did subgroup analyses of the RESTART trial to explore whether these brain imaging features modify the effects of antiplatelet therapy

Insights into Eco-Friendly and Conventional Drilling Additives: Applications, Cost Analysis, Health, Safety, and Environmental Considerations

Drilling fluid additives play an important role in drilling engineering. Drilling fluids assist in transporting the cuttings to the surface, control formation pressure, and cool the bit. The most common fluid additives that are used in drilling fluids are the chemical additives such as barite, bentonite, caustic soda and many more. Each chemical additive has its own set of applications. Chemical additives are used for rheological properties, filtration controls, and many more. These traditional chemical additives give promising results, but they have some side effects that are commonly ignored. These side effects include cost, health, safety, and environmental concerns. This paper presents a new alternative for drilling fluid additives which are the food waste products that are discarded by people. The main objective is to be able to use food waste products as drilling fluid additives to improve the mud rheological properties and avoid any environmental issues that are commonly caused by conventional chemical additives. The food waste products are available everywhere and are easily accessible making them a good candidate for further investigation. The cost of food waste products is less compared to the cost of chemical additives and food waste products are friendlier to the environment. The average total cost of drilling operations is expensive, and part of that expense includes the cost of drilling fluids, which is also generally high. By using food waste products, the total cost for drilling operations reduces, providing a better economic solution. Food waste products account for about 8.2% of greenhouse gas emissions and they can be utilized for better uses such as drilling fluid additives. It is also generally safer to handle food waste in comparison with chemical additives as some chemical additives have hazards that require proper equipment in order to be handled. Food waste products have the potential to compete with traditional chemical additives and they might be a good alternative. Several investigations have been carried out by people using food waste products. From the previous work and experiments carried out by people, it has shown that food waste products generally improve the mud rheological properties and fluid loss control. From the previous work, there are several shortcomings that can be avoided suggesting more evaluations. Further investigation and experiments should be carried out to gain more information and results of food waste products as a drilling fluid additive in order to be used for future drilling projects

Insights into the Applications of Waste Materials in the Oil and Gas Industry: State of the Art Review, Availability, Cost Analysis, and Classification

This study investigates different types of waste materials and their applicability in the oil and gas industry as well as analyzing various applications of these waste materials in the petroleum industry. This study also explores the availability of these waste materials by performing a statistical analysis in a good number of countries worldwide. The statistical study was performed starting with a study on which countries generate waste the most overall, followed by examining multiple countries and investigating their top three most available waste. The results showed that the USA is the leading country in terms of municipal solid waste generation of 258 million metric tons, followed by China that generates around 220.4 million metric tons and then India that generates 168.4 million metric tons of municipal solid waste. The regions that generate the most food waste are North America and Oceania, providing the availability of food waste in those regions. Most of the palm tree wastes are available in the Middle East and some parts of the USA, while green waste can be found in the USA, China, and the UK. Sawdust wastes are mostly available in Europe and North America, while hay waste is abundant in the USA. Waste materials were also examined for various petroleum industry applications. Food wastes were found to be effective in drilling and completion fluids. Various food waste products were utilized to alter the drilling fluid properties such as potato peels and mandarin peels. Food wastes were also effective in altering the pH of the drilling fluids. Some plant-based wastes such as date trees were effective treatments used to stop lost circulation. Based on biodegradability and toxicity basis, waste materials were also classified into four main categories, which are eco-friendly, biodegradable, non-biodegradable, and toxic using color category classification. In summary, waste materials have the potential to be used in the petroleum industry, and they might as well be a good alternative for the future. As an example, the drilling fluid average cost approximately one-tenth of the total cost of the drilling operation, which is considered a tangible cost. By using waste materials as drilling fluid additives, the cost of the drilling fluid can be minimized. Further investigation and research should be carried out to get a better understanding of the importance of waste materials, and how they can be exploited for future applications in the oil and gas industry