Strategi Kepala Sekolah dalam Mengelola Konflik Menyikapi Dampak Negatif Penerapan Full Day School

This study tried to describe the principal in managing conflict of the application negative impact of the implementation of the Full Day School this research was conducted using qualitative approach with a phenomenological method. These results indicate that the principal can perform a variety of strategies to fix conflict so as not to interfere with the performance of teachers, child's comfort, and confidence of parents.Penelitian ini mencoba mendeskripsikan tentang kepala sekolah dalam melakukan strategi pegelolaan konflik menyikapi dampak negatif dari penerapan Full Day School. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode fenomenologi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kepala sekolah dapat melakukan berbagai strategi guna menyelesaikan konflik sehingga tidak menggangu kinerja guru, Kenyamanan anak, dan kepercayaan orangtua

Designing of a laboratory model for evaluation of the residual effects of deltamethrin (K-othrine WP 5%) on different surfaces against malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae)

Background & objectives: Deltamethrin plays an important role in controlling malaria vectors,and is used in indoor residual spraying and manufacture of long-lasting insecticidal mosquitonets. The residual activity of deltamethrin (K-othrine WP 5%) @ 25 mg/m2 was studied in laboratoryconditions on different surfaces.Methods: The surfaces were made artificially with different building materials such as mud, plaster,cement and wood in the laboratory. The surfaces were mounted inside petri-dishes (diam: 20 cm)and wood surface was prepared separately. The prepared surfaces were attached to the walls anddeltamethrin was applied using standard Hudson pump sprayer with a discharge rate of 757 ml/min or 0.2 gal/min. The spraying was conducted at standard rhythm as recommended by WHO.After application all the sprayed surfaces were transferred into the special wooden boxes designedfor this purpose. The surfaces were maintained at laboratory conditions. The WHO’s recommendedbioassay kit and method was used during this study.Results: Bioassays on Anopheles stephensi Liston showed that the persistence of deltamethrin ondifferent surfaces (>70% mortality) was around 4 months on plaster (Mortality = 77±6.2%), 2months on mud (76.9±6.8%), 4.5 months on cement (79±3.2%), 4 months on wood (71.7±6.8%)and 4 months on filter papers (82.3±5.4%).Interpretation & conclusion: The results of this study on residual effects of deltamethrin WP 5%(25 mg/m2) are highly concordant with two field bioassays carried out in a malarious area atsouth-eastern Iran. This method can be replaced by the field bioassay tests which are time consumingand costlier

Effect of akyl chain length, flow, and temperature on the corrosion inhibition of carbon steel in a simulated acidizing environment by an imidazoline-based inhibitor

An imidazoline, 2-heptadecyl-1-[2-(octadecanoylamino)ethyl]-2- imidazoline (QSI) with -C17H35 as the tail chain length was synthesized, characterized, and studied as corrosion inhibitor for low carbon steel in 15% HCl solution under static and hydrodynamic conditions. Influence of addition of KI, temperature, and chain length of pendant hydrocarbon on inhibition efficiency (η) was also examined. It is found that, QSI exhibits a mixed type behavior but fairly inhibited the corrosion of low carbon steel in the studied medium. The maximum concentration studied (400 mg/L) afforded η of <50%. Addition of KI to QSI synergistically enhanced the corrosion inhibition performance of QSI, upgrading the η to approximately 90%. Increase in the system temperature increases the η of both QSI and QSI + KI. From the variation of η with temperature and the calculated corrosion kinetic parameters, chemical adsorption is proposed as the adsorption mechanism of the additives. QSI performs better under hydrodynamic condition than static condition. However, the corrosion resistance of the metal decreases at rotation speed higher than 1000 rpm. Inhibition efficiency of imidazoline decreases as the length of the hydrocarbon pendant chain increases. Imidazoline compounds with -C13H27 and - C15H31 as the length of the pendant group hydrocarbon perform better than QSI with -C17H35

Effect of washing on the bioefficacy of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) against main malaria vector Anopheles stephensi by three bioassay methods

Background & objectives: The use of pyrethoid impregnated bednets is one of the main malaria vector control strategies worldwide. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the bioefficacy of bednets impregnated with various pyrethroids after repeated washings. Methods: The effectiveness of bednets impregnated with permethrin, deltamethrin, bifenthrin, etofenprox and long-lasting bednets like OlysetNet® and PermaNet® which were provided by WHOPES was evaluated. The tests were carried out according to the WHO-recommended methods. Malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi was exposed to impregnated bednets for 3 min and the mortality was measured after 24 h recovery period. Knockdown was measured as well.Results: Results of three methods of bioassay tests showed that between two LLINs, PermaNet® was more efficient than OlysetNet®. Results of ITNs exhibited that deltamethrin and permethrin were more effective than etofenprox and bifenthrin as impregnants.Interpretation & conclusion: Findings of this study will be useful for WHO, local authorities and people who wish to use different pyrethroid-impregnated bednets for malaria vector control

Cancer Gene Therapy Using Plasmid DNA: Pharmacokinetic Study of DNA Following Injection in Mice

Overview summary The present study evaluates the pharmacokinetic half-life and tissue distribution of plasmid DNA following intravenous injection in mice. This study extends the time frame of previous in vivo analyses to 6 months following i.v. injection. Injected mice exhibit no expression of the encoded gene as assayed by immunofluorescence. This represents the first systematic in vivo pharmacokinetic study of intravenously injected DNA complexed with cationic lipids, and is relevant to many gene therapy protocols utilizing direct injection of plasmid DNA plus lipids. The results provide a preliminary basis for the safe initiation of cancer immunotherapy clinical trials in which plasmid DNA is directly injected into tumors.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/63149/1/hum.1995.6.5-553.pd

External Iliac Vein Aneurysm Treated Via Balloon-Assisted Aneurysmorrhaphy with a Contemporary Review of the Literature

Isolated external iliac vein aneurysm is exceedingly rare, not well-described in the literature, and presents several potential surgical approaches. Herein, we describe the case of a 72-year-old woman who presented with incidentally found 4.3 cm x 3.4 cm x 5.6 cm right external iliac vein aneurysm after undergoing magnetic resonance imaging for orthopedic work-up. She was treated via parallel supra- and infra-inguinal incisions and novel combination of primary aneurysmorrhaphy with intraluminal balloon mandrel-assisted closure. The patient was discharged on postoperative day two, and 6-month follow-up ultrasound showed a normal caliber vessel with normal compressibility, suggesting this technique is safe and effective for appropriately selected patients

Cysteine dependence of Lactobacillus iners is a potential therapeutic target for vaginal microbiota modulation

Vaginal microbiota composition affects many facets of reproductive health. Lactobacillus iners-dominated microbial communities are associated with poorer outcomes, including higher risk of bacterial vaginosis (BV), compared with vaginal microbiota rich in L. crispatus. Unfortunately, standard-of-care metronidazole therapy for BV typically results in dominance of L. iners, probably contributing to post-treatment relapse. Here we generate an L. iners isolate collection comprising 34 previously unreported isolates from 14 South African women with and without BV and 4 previously unreported isolates from 3 US women. We also report an associated genome catalogue comprising 1,218 vaginal Lactobacillus isolate genomes and metagenome-assembled genomes from >300 women across 4 continents. We show that, unlike L. crispatus, L. iners growth is dependent on L-cysteine in vitro and we trace this phenotype to the absence of canonical cysteine biosynthesis pathways and a restricted repertoire of cysteine-related transport mechanisms. We further show that cysteine concentrations in cervicovaginal lavage samples correlate with Lactobacillus abundance in vivo and that cystine uptake inhibitors selectively inhibit L. iners growth in vitro. Combining an inhibitor with metronidazole promotes L. crispatus dominance of defined BV-like communities in vitro by suppressing L. iners growth. Our findings enable a better understanding of L. iners biology and suggest candidate treatments to modulate the vaginal microbiota to improve reproductive health for women globally

Comparative performance of imagicides on Anopheles stephensi, main malaria vector in a malarious area, southern Iran

Abstract Background &amp; objectives: Jiroft district has subtropical climate and prone to seasonal malaria transmission with annual parasite index (API) 4.2 per 1000 in 2006. Anopheles stephensi Liston is a dominant malaria vector. The monitoring of insecticide susceptibility and irritability was conducted using discriminative dose as described by WHO

Phylogenomics revealed migration routes and adaptive radiation timing of holarctic malaria mosquito species of the Maculipennis group

BackgroundPhylogenetic analyses of closely related species of mosquitoes are important for better understanding the evolution of traits contributing to transmission of vector-borne diseases. Six out of 41 dominant malaria vectors of the genus Anopheles in the world belong to the Maculipennis Group, which is subdivided into two Nearctic subgroups (Freeborni and Quadrimaculatus) and one Palearctic (Maculipennis) subgroup. Although previous studies considered the Nearctic subgroups as ancestral, details about their relationship with the Palearctic subgroup, and their migration times and routes from North America to Eurasia remain controversial. The Palearctic species An. beklemishevi is currently included in the Nearctic Quadrimaculatus subgroup adding to the uncertainties in mosquito systematics.ResultsTo reconstruct historic relationships in the Maculipennis Group, we conducted a phylogenomic analysis of 11 Palearctic and 2 Nearctic species based on sequences of 1271 orthologous genes. The analysis indicated that the Palearctic species An. beklemishevi clusters together with other Eurasian species and represents a basal lineage among them. Also, An. beklemishevi is related more closely to An. freeborni, which inhabits the Western United States, rather than to An. quadrimaculatus, a species from the Eastern United States. The time-calibrated tree suggests a migration of mosquitoes in the Maculipennis Group from North America to Eurasia about 20-25 million years ago through the Bering Land Bridge. A Hybridcheck analysis demonstrated highly significant signatures of introgression events between allopatric species An. labranchiae and An. beklemishevi. The analysis also identified ancestral introgression events between An. sacharovi and its Nearctic relative An. freeborni despite their current geographic isolation. The reconstructed phylogeny suggests that vector competence and the ability to enter complete diapause during winter evolved independently in different lineages of the Maculipennis Group.ConclusionsOur phylogenomic analyses reveal migration routes and adaptive radiation timing of Holarctic malaria vectors and strongly support the inclusion of An. beklemishevi into the Maculipennis Subgroup. Detailed knowledge of the evolutionary history of the Maculipennis Subgroup provides a framework for examining the genomic changes related to ecological adaptation and susceptibility to human pathogens. These genomic variations may inform researchers about similar changes in the future providing insights into the patterns of disease transmission in Eurasia

Original Article

Abstract Background: Mosquitoes transmit several diseases to human. There are several measures for control of larvae. As part of Integrated Vector Management (IVM) program, the utility of floating layers of polystyrene beads (EPS) is a potential alternative in habitats of mosquito larva. EPS beads prevent oviposition of mosquito as well as killing the immature stages by forming a tick layer on the water surface. They are cheap, environmentally safe and do not need frequent application and remain on the surface of water for long time. The objective of the current study was to asses the effectiveness of two types of polystyrene beads of (EPS) and (SWAP) for control of mosquito larvae under laboratory conditions. Methods: Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus were used for experimental purposes. In each tray 250 larvae of late 3 rd and early 4 th instars were introduced. The experiment was conducted on 4 replicates for An. stephensi, Cu. quinquefasciatus and combination of both. Emerging of adult mosquitoes were calculated every day until the end of experiments. Results: Mortality rate and Inhibition of Emerge (IE) for Cu. quinquefasciatus, An. stephensi and combination of both species was 97.8%, 100% and 99.07%, respectively using EPS. In average, EPS was able to kill 98.9% of larvae. The figures with SWAP were 63%, 91.05% and 72.65%, respectively. The average mortality for mosquitoes was 75.57% Conclusion: EPS and SWAP beads can be very effective and practical for elimination of An. stephensi and Cx. quinquefasciatus under the laboratory conditions