39,832 research outputs found
Frequency-based brain networks: From a multiplex framework to a full multilayer description
We explore how to study dynamical interactions between brain regions using
functional multilayer networks whose layers represent the different frequency
bands at which a brain operates. Specifically, we investigate the consequences
of considering the brain as a multilayer network in which all brain regions can
interact with each other at different frequency bands, instead of as a
multiplex network, in which interactions between different frequency bands are
only allowed within each brain region and not between them. We study the second
smallest eigenvalue of the combinatorial supra-Laplacian matrix of the
multilayer network in detail, and we thereby show that the heterogeneity of
interlayer edges and, especially, the fraction of missing edges crucially
modify the spectral properties of the multilayer network. We illustrate our
results with both synthetic network models and real data sets obtained from
resting state magnetoencephalography. Our work demonstrates an important issue
in the construction of frequency-based multilayer brain networks.Comment: 13 pages, 8 figure
Cross-correlation of the unresolved X-ray background with faint galaxies
At the faint end of the deepest X-ray surveys, a population of X-ray luminous
galaxies is seen. In this paper, we present the results of a cross-correlation
between the residual, unresolved X-ray photons in a very deep X-ray survey and
the positions of faint galaxies, in order to examine the importance of these
objects at even fainter flux levels. We measure a significant correlation on
all angular scales up to ~1 arcmin. This signal could account for a significant
fraction of the unresolved X-ray background, approximately 35 per cent if the
clustering is similar to optically selected galaxies. However, the angular form
of the correlation is seen to be qualitatively similar to that expected for
clusters of galaxies and the X-ray emission could be associated with hot gas in
clusters or with QSOs within galaxy clusters rather than emission from
individual faint galaxies. The relative contribution from each of these
possibilities cannot be determined with the current data.Comment: 7 pages LaTeX including 9 EPS figures. Uses mn.sty. Accepted for
publication by MNRA
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A learning object success story
This paper outlines an approach to designing a course entirely in learning objects. It provides a theoretical basis for the design and then presents evaluation data from a master’s level course using this design. It also describes several re-uses of the learning objects on other courses and in different contexts. Each learning object is conceived as a whole learning experience, thus avoiding many of the problems associated with assembling components of disparate kinds
Abundances of Suprathermal Heavy Ions in CIRs during the Minimum of Solar Cycle 23
In this paper we examine the elemental composition of the 0.1-1 MeV/nucleon
interplanetary heavy ions from H to Fe in corotating interaction regions (CIRs)
measured by the SIT (Suprathermal Ion Telescope) instrument. We use
observations taken on board the STEREO spacecraft from January 2007 through
December 2010, which included the unusually long solar minimum following solar
cycle 23. During this period instruments on STEREO observed more than 50 CIR
events making it possible to investigate CIR ion abundances during solar
minimum conditions with unprecedented high statistics. The observations reveal
annual variations of relative ion abundances in the CIRs during the 2007-2008
period as indicated by the He/H, He/O and Fe/O elemental ratios. We discuss
possible causes of the variability in terms of the helium focusing cone passage
and heliolatitude dependence. The year 2009 was very quiet in CIR event
activity. In 2010 the elemental composition in CIRs were influenced by sporadic
solar energetic particle (SEP) events. The 2010 He/H and He/O abundance ratios
in CIRs show large event to event variations with values resembling the
SEP-like composition. This finding points out that the suprathermal SEPs could
be the source population for CIR acceleration.Comment: accepted for publication in Solar Physic
Strong absorption and selective thermal emission from a mid-infrared metamaterial
We demonstrate thin-film metamaterials with resonances in the mid-infrared
wavelength range. Our structures are numerically modeled and experimentally
characterized by reflection and angularly-resolved thermal emission
spectroscopy. We demonstrate strong and controllable absorption resonances
across the mid-infrared wavelength range. In addition, the polarized thermal
emission from these samples is shown to be highly selective and largely
independent of emission angles from normal to 45 degrees. Experimental results
are compared to numerical models with excellent agreement. Such structures hold
promise for large-area, low-cost metamaterial coatings for control of gray- or
black-body thermal signatures, as well as for possible mid-IR sensing
applications.Comment: The following article has been submitted to Appl. Phys. Lett. After
it is published, it will be found at http://apl.aip.org/. 14 pages including
4 figure page
The discovery of very red counterparts to faint X-ray sources
We present deep K-band imaging at the positions of four very faint X-ray
sources found in the UK ROSAT Deep Survey to have no optical counterpart
brighter than R~23. Likely identifications are found within the ROSAT error
circle in all four fields with R-K colours of between 3.2 +/- 0.4 and 6.4 +/-
0.6. From a consideration of the R-K colours and X-ray to optical luminosity
ratios of the candidate identifications, we tentatively classify two of the
X-ray sources as very distant (z ~ 1) clusters of galaxies, one as a narrow
emission line galaxy and one as an obscured QSO.Comment: 7 pages, LaTeX, 7 figures (1 postscript file each). Uses mn.sty and
epsf.sty. Accepted by MNRAS. For more information see
http://www.astro.soton.ac.uk/~amn/UKdee
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