Delinquent Behavior of Dutch Rural Adolescents

This article compares Dutch rural and non-rural adolescents’ delinquent behavior and examines two social correlates of rural delinquency: communal social control and traditional rural culture. The analyses are based on cross-sectional data, containing 3,797 participants aged 13–18 (48.7% females). The analyses show that rural adolescents are only slightly less likely to engage in delinquent behavior. Furthermore, while rural adolescents are exposed more often to communal social control, this does not substantially reduce the likelihood that they engage in delinquent behavior. Concerning rural culture, marked differences appeared between rural and non-rural adolescents. First, alcohol use and the frequency of visiting pubs were more related to rural adolescents’ engagement in delinquent behavior. Second, the gender gap in delinquency is larger among rural adolescents: whereas rural boys did not differ significantly from non-rural boys, rural girls were significantly less likely to engage in delinquent behavior than non-rural girls. However, the magnitude of the effects of most indicators was rather low. To better account for the variety of rural spaces and cultures, it is recommended that future research into antisocial and criminal behavior of rural adolescents should adopt alternative measurements of rurality, instead of using an indicator of population density only

Sports Participation and Juvenile Delinquency: A Meta-Analytic Review

Participation in sports activities is very popular among adolescents, and is frequently encouraged among youth. Many psychosocial health benefits in youth are attributed to sports participation, but to what extent this positive influence holds for juvenile delinquency is still not clear on both the theoretical and empirical level. There is much controversy on whether sports participation should be perceived as a protective or a risk factor for the development of juvenile delinquency. A multilevel meta-analysis of 51 published and unpublished studies, with 48 independent samples containing 431 effect sizes and N = 132,366 adolescents, was conducted to examine the relationship between sports participation and juvenile delinquency and possible moderating factors of this association. The results showed that there is no overall significant association between sports participation and juvenile delinquency, indicating that adolescent athletes are neither more nor less delinquent than non-athletes. Some study, sample and sports characteristics significantly moderated the relationship between sports participation and juvenile delinquency. However, this moderating influence was modest. Implications for theory and practice concerning the use of sports to prevent juvenile delinquency are discussed. Keywords Sports participation Juvenile delinquency Multilevel meta-analysis Revie

Police-initiated diversion for youth to prevent future delinquent behavior: a systematic review

BackgroundOverly punitive responses to youth misconduct may have the unintended consequence ofincreasing the likelihood of future delinquency; yet, overly lenient responses may fail to serveas a corrective for the misbehavior. Police diversion schemes are a collection of strategiespolice can apply as an alternative to court processing of youth. Police-initiated diversionschemes aim to reduce reoffending by steering youth away from deeper penetration into thecriminal justice system and by providing an alternative intervention that can help youthaddress psychosocial development or other needs that contribute to their problem behavior.ObjectivesThe objective of this review was to synthesize the evidence on the effectiveness of pre-courtinterventions involving police warning or counseling and release, and cautioning schemes inreducing delinquent behavior.Search methodsA combination of 26 databases and websites were searched. References of relevant reviewswere also scanned to identify studies. We also consulted with experts in the field. Searcheswere executed by two reviewers and conducted between August 2016 and January 2017.Selection criteriaOnly experimental and quasi-experimental designs were eligible for this review. All quasiexperimentaldesigns must have had a comparison group similar to the police diversionintervention group with respect to demographic characteristics and prior involvement indelinquent behavior (i.e., at similar risk for future delinquent behavior). Additionally, studiesmust have included youth participants between 12 and 17 years of age who either underwenttraditional system processing or were diverted from court processing through a police-leddiversion program. Studies were also eligible if delinquency-related outcomes, includingofficial and non-official (self-report or third-party reporting) measures of delinquency werereported.Data collection and analysisThis study used meta-analysis to synthesize results across studies. This method involvedsystematic coding of study features and conversion of study findings into effect sizesreflecting the direction and magnitude of any police-led diversion effect. There were 19independent evaluations across the 14 primary documents coded for this review. From this,we coded 67 effect sizes of delinquent behavior post diversion across 31 diversion-traditionalprocessing comparisons. We analyzed these comparisons using two approaches. The firstapproach selected a single effect size per comparison based on a decision rule and the secondused all 67 effect sizes, nesting these within comparison condition and evaluation design.ResultsThe general pattern of evidence is positive, suggesting that police-led diversion modestlyreduces future delinquent behavior of low-risk youth relative to traditional processing.Authors’ conclusionsThe findings from this systematic review support the use of police-led diversion for low-riskyouth with limited or no prior involvement with the juvenile justice system. Thus, policedepartments and policy-makers should consider diversionary programs as part of the mix ofsolutions for addressing youth crime

Jeugdreclassering in de praktijk

Jeugdreclassering maakt sinds het midden van de jaren negentig een sterke groei door. Dat is vooral een uitvloeisel van de adviezen van de Commissie Van Montfrans in het rapport Met de neus op de feiten. Sindsdien wordt aan jeugdreclassering een belangrijke rol toegedicht in de aanpak van de jeugdcriminaliteit. Niet duidelijk is welke jongeren in de praktijk bij de jeugdreclassering terecht komen. Duidelijk is wel dat het aantal cliënten c.q. begeleidingen sterk is toegenomen met het landelijk beschikbaar komen van de jeugdreclassering. Dit alles doet vragen rijzen over 1) kenmerken van de feitelijk bereikte groep, 2) de begeleiding in de praktijk en het juridisch kader waarin dat gebeurt, en 3) de resultaten van jeugdreclassering in termen van het bereiken van doelen. Het onderhavige onderzoek geeft antwoord op die vragen. INHOUD: 1. Inleiding en methode 2. Jongeren bij de jeugdreclassering: de praktijk onderzocht 3. De uitvoering: organisatorische aspecten en knelpunten 4. Slotbeschouwin

Zelfgerapporteerde jeugdcriminaliteit in de periode 1990-2001

Vanaf eind jaren tachtig houdt het WODC bij hoe de jeugdcriminaliteit in ons land zich ontwikkelt. Ongeveer om de twee jaar verschijnt een rapport waarin de ontwikkeling wordt geanalyseerd aan de hand van politiecijfers en periodiek herhaald 'self-reportonderzoek' onder steekproeven van jongeren

Het nieuwe jeugdstrafrecht

September 1st 1995, a new penal law for juveniles came into force in the Netherlands. In this report the consequences of its introduction are evaluated

Spectroscopic study on the active site of a SiO2 supported niobia catalyst used for the gas-phase Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime to ε-caprolactam

NbOx/SiO2 with a very high catalytic activity for the gas-phase Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime to ε-caprolactam, was investigated by different spectroscopic methods in order to obtain new insights in the formation and nature of the active sites. FT-IR spectroscopy in combination with pyridine adsorption measurements revealed that the catalyst material contains Lewis-acidic sites, most probably related to the Nb[double bond, length as m-dash]O groups of isolated tetrahedral NbO4 surface species, whereas no Brønsted-acidic sites were observed. Results from in situ Raman and complementary FT-IR measurements strongly suggest that Brønsted-acidic Nb-OH sites can be generated from Nb[double bond, length as m-dash]O groups by reaction with ethanol. This is in agreement with the observation that ethanol is essential for obtaining a very good catalyst performance. However, the Brønsted-acidic sites can be detected in significant amounts in particular in the presence of a Lewis-base, e.g. pyridine, most probably because the formation and/or the stability of these Brønsted-acidic sites are enhanced by a basic molecule. Assuming that cyclohexanone oxime, being a base, can play a similar role as pyridine, we propose on the basis of the spectroscopic findings obtained in this work and our kinetic results published recently, a reaction scheme for the formation of the active site at the Nb[double bond, length as m-dash]O group as well as for the recovery of the Nb[double bond, length as m-dash]O site during the final stage of the gas-phase Beckmann rearrangement

Inbraak in bedrijven 1995

Detailed data on causes of commercial burglary. Sources of information are: 1. records of notification [P1256C]/ 2. interviews with burglars involved [P1256A]/ 3. Questionnaire filled up by victimized companies [P1256B]/ 4. Police registrations of the interviewed burglars [P1256A] P1256A: origin of r.'s plans for burglary/ who takes initiatives, role of tipsters and receivers / preferred type of victim: location, size, branch of economy etc., favourite security system, favourite booty / preferred method of working: with or without comparisons, use of tools, means of transport, enter the building, method inside the building, sabotage alarm, damage caused, vandalism, removal of traces / average size of booty, spending of booty / r's reaction when bothered, occurrence of failures / use of alcohol, drugs during burglary, possession of weapon / judgement of various security devices, methods / r.'s social background, daily activities, problems on youth, problems with alcohol, drugs, gambling, finances, contacts with assistance / r.'s criminal history P1256B: description of victimized companies: branch of economy, size of location, nr. of visitors, nr. of vehicles, scale and increase of crime, confrontations with crime last 5 years / security measures taken: budget, instructions to employees, external security company: methods of working, tasks, alarms, access-system, registration of keys, low cover, construction of the building, tv camera's, lighting, frequency of alarms, false alarm / insurance, risk class P1256C: records of notification: descriptions of criminal offences, area, police district, victim, method used, single or accompanied, points of time, how and by whom was offence noticed, stolen properties, havoc, type of building, way burglars entered the building etc. Background variables: basic characteristics/ place of birth/ household characteristics/ occupation/employment/ income/capital assets/ educatio