Determination of Reliability of Different Reference Lines for Photogrammetric Assessment

The aim of this study is to determine the most reliable reference line among five different reference lines used for photogrammetric measurments obtained from women's standardized extraoral photographs. 35 healty females with a mean age of 23.25±2.64 years were examined in this study. Soft tissue measurements were done directly from the lateral and frontal view on each face. Extraoral photographs were taken with a standardized method from a constant distance and at the same lighting condition. The photographs were transfered to the computer and parameters were measured on each photograph by using three reference lines on the lateral view (Ex-Ex, En-En, P-P) and two reference lines on the frontal view (Sa-Sba, TEx). Magnification error was corrected by using values of reference lines. Three different values frontally and two different values laterally were obtained for each parameter according to the reference lines. These values were tested with repeated measure ANOVA and compared with the direct values obtained from the patients. For the lateral measurements, the values according to Sa-Sba reference line were statistically different from the real values (p<0.05). The values according to T-Ex reference line were statistically different for two parameters and not statistically different for remaining four parameters. Fort he frontal measurements, the values according to Ex-Ex, En-En and P-P lines were statistically different from the real values for all parameters. When the study group was assessed entirely, it was found that T-Ex and Ex-Ex lines were the most reliable reference lines for the lateral and the frontal measurements, respectively

Changes in Orbicularis Oris Superior and Masseter Muscle Activities After Upper Incisor Protrusion in Class II Division 2 Malocclusion: An Electromyographic Study

Objective:This prospective study aimed to evaluate the orbicularis oris superior and masseter muscle activity changes after upper incisor protrusion in CII/2 malocclusion.Methods:A total of 20 patients (mean age 10.29 ± 0.90 years) with CII/2 malocclusion were selected for the study group. A total of 15 patients (mean age 10.56 ± 1.06 years) with Angle Class I malocclusion were recruited as control. Upper incisors were protruded with utility arch in the study group. Muscle activities were evaluated with Biopac MP150 surface electromyography device before and after upper incisor proclination and at the 6-month retention. Orbicularis oris superior and left–right masseter muscles were recorded during rest electromyography and maximum contraction electromyography. Repeated measures and two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance with Bonferroni correction were used for statistical analysis.Results:A significant change occurred over time in orbicularis oris superior (P 0.05. In the CII/2 group, orbicularis oris superior maximum contraction electromyography value was increased after upper incisor protrusion and this increase remained stable. Left masseter and right masseter maximum contraction electromyography measurements were decreased after protrusion and then increased after retention significantly. Rest electromyography values for all muscles were not statistically significant. No significant differences with the control group were found.Conclusion:Upper incisor protrusion increased orbicularis oris superior activity and the increase remained stable after retention. Masseter activities decreased after protrusion and then increased to the initial values. These changes did not show significant differences with the control group

Treatment of a Deep Bite Malocclusion with Extraction and Bite-Fixer

This case report presents the treatment of a deep-bite malocclusion by premolar extraction and Bite-fixer appliance. A 13-year-old female patient concerned about the appearance of her crooked upper teeth. Her facial appearance revealed a retrusive profile. The crowding in maxillary and mandibular arches were, 15 mm and 9.5 mm respectively. Intraoral examination showed that the buccal segments were in full Class II relationship. Upper canines were highly positioned and there was a deep overbite. The cephalometric analysis demonstrated the Class II mandibular retrusion. Upper and lower incisors were also retroclined and both upper and lower lips were in retrusion. To relieve crowding, upper first and lower second premolars were extracted, then upper and lower incisor angulations were corrected and the mandibular dentoalveolar region was advanced by a Bite-Fixer appliance. At the end of the treatment, Class I molar and canine relationships were achieved, the crowding was eliminated, deep-bite was corrected and the lower incisors were proclined. The patient's profile was also improved. This case showed that extraction treatment could be a good alternative even in Class II deep bite cases when a fixed functional appliance was used

PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF COLD STRESS AND BEE VENOM IN METABOLIC DISORDER DUE TO HIGH FAT DIET IN RATS

Aim: Metabolic disorders appear as risk factors for many diseases. One of the biggest causes of metabolic disorders is a high-fat diet. Increased dietary lipid with a high-fat diet increases lipogenesis and ectopic lipid accumulation, and therefore, increased peripheral insulin resistance leads to inflammatory response, chronic oxidative stress, and progressive organ damage. Exposure to cold induces adaptation to cold and provides adaptation with physiological changes. Bee venom treatment is performed with various methods such as apipuncture and direct injection of bee venom. In our study, the effects of bee venom and cold exposure on blood lipid levels in high-fat fed rats and whether they have synergistic effects were investigated.Methods: 3-week-old Spraque-Dawley male rats (30-40 g) were divided into 7 groups: control, cold stress (CS), high-fat diet (HFD), 0.5 mg/kg bee venom (BV), HFD+CS, HFD+ BV, HFD+CS+ BV. Rats were fed with high fat diet for 8 weeks. For the last 21 days, rats were exposed to cold for 2 hours a day and bee venom was injected subcutaneously for the last 15 days. Animals were sacrificed on the last day and fasting blood glucose was measured. Serum was then obtained, followed by lipid profile measurements. All data were presented as mean±standard error of the mean (SEM). Differences between the groups were assessed with One-way ANOVA Post hoc LSD test p&lt;0.05 was considered significant.Results: Triglyceride levels were significantly lower in the HFD+ BV group compared to HFD group(p=0.024). HDL was significantly higher in HFD+BV(p&lt;0.001) and HFD+BV+CS(p&lt;0.001) compared to other groups. Fasting plasma glucose levels were significantly lower in HFD+BV(p=0.001) and HFD+BV+CS(p=0.007) compared to other groups.Conclusions: It has been shown in our study that exposure to cold and bee venom have a synergistic effect on blood lipid levels and fasting blood sugar disorders in a high-fat diet, and bee venom has a regulatory effect on triglyceride.</p