Microstructuration of poly(3-hexylthiophene) leads to bifunctional superhydrophobic and photoreactive surfaces

Schematic representation and a preparation route for the poly(3-hexylthiophene) conducting polymer film having both superhydrophobic and visible-light active photocatalytic properties.</p

Tud\uf3sportr\ue9k humanista hagyom\ue1nya az Erd\ue9lyi Fejedelems\ue9gben (Humanist tradition of scholars’ portraits in the Transylvanian Principality)

Half-figure funerary monuments appeared in Transylvanian churches of the Lutheran Saxons in the second half of the sixteenth century, following the tradition of medieval priests’ memorials but also diverging from that in some respect. The model of these portrait memorials can be identified among the Humanists’ epitaphs in Vienna set up in the first half of the sixteenth century. The stone epitaph of the scholar and poet Conrad Celtes was placed on the wall of the Saint Stephen Church in Vienna. In addition, he, still in his lifetime, had a printed epitaph made in woodcut by Hans Burgkmair the Elder, which was intended to preserve his memory, his intellectual presence in the circle of Central-European Humanists. By this, he successfully shaped the memory discourse: some of his disciples even had their own funerary monuments made based on this graphic model. The ledger stone of a Transylvanian Saxon priest, Franciscus Elisius, who died in 1593, also follows this model, though with a simplified composition and in a rather poor sculptural quality. The scholarship of medieval and early modern funerary monuments in Europe, inspired by social anthropology, the social sciences in general, and literary criticism has recognized that these objects in their original context were shaped along cultural and ideological expectations which cannot uncritically be connected to the concept of artistic production. Scholarly literature defined the primary function of funerary monuments as preserving the presence of the dead, setting up models to follow for the living, and supporting various memory practices. Funerary monuments re-constructed, even manipulated memory, and this purpose determined how the patrons and tomb makers chose the type, form, material, images, texts, even the site of the memorial. Humanistic education appears as a dominant element in the memory created, shaped, and preserved by the funerary monument of Franciscus Elisius as well as in a group of stone memorials created for Transylvanian Saxon priests in the following decades. Though the texts and images on the monument of Elisius emphasize his excellence in the sphere of religion, the form and composition define his place among the European Humanist intellectuals. The same can be concluded about a group of funerary monuments for pastors produced from the 1590s, which also follow a model from the circle of Viennese Humanists, the epitaph of Johannes Cuspinianus. The paper offers an analysis of the visual and textual aspects of the monuments to explore the intellectual network the early modern Transylvanian Saxon intelligentsia identified with, as well as the actual relationships, knowledge, and experience behind this self-perception. The aim of the research was to understand how all these influenced the image they wished to leave behind about themselves for the contemporaries and the future generations

Memories Carved in the Wall. A 16th-Century Type of Funerary Monuments in Transylvania

Graves for the deceased were usually cut into the floor of churches, created in churchyard cemeteries or in the newly established public cemeteries in Transylvania in the sixteenth century. Not all graves were marked with stone funerary monuments. Wooden memorials were presumably widespread, but no contemporary sources inform about these. Grave markers from the cemeteries are simple or coped headstones and coffin-shape stones, preserved for example in Cluj (Kolozsv\ue1r) and T\ue2rgu Mureş (Marosv\ue1s\ue1rhely). These gravestones display commemorative inscriptions and simple imagery. A funerary inscription recently discovered in Ocna Mureş (Maros\ufajv\ue1r) was carved into an ashlar within the external buttress supporting the choir of the church. This stone bearing an inscription represents a specific type of funerary monument from early modern Transylvania, most examples of which are known from Cluj. The paper presents these stone memorials: who and why chose this form of commemorating the dead

From Burden to Resource: Uses of Industrial Heritage in East-Central Europe

As a result of the series of political, social, and economic changes that took place in East-Central Europe some more than thirty years ago, the region was left with a legacy of many redundant industrial sites. Several waves of deindustrialization have led to the present landscape where once prosperous industrial sites and buildings lack a proper function that would benefit the local communities and the national economy. The burden of this is well-known to all European countries, but due to their shared past in the Soviet block and their present EU membership, Czechia, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia – the so-called Visegrad Group countries – are facing a situation that is similar in many respects.This collection of papers presents the results of the international project “From Burden to Resource: Industrial Heritage in Central-Eastern Europe.” The authors – experts focusing on the preservation and reuse of industrial heritage from the Visegrad Group countries – were brought together with the aim to address challenges specific to the region and the gap that exists here between heritage specialists focusing on heritage assets and policymakers and developers in urban planning focusing on social and economic development. The seven papers tackle various aspects of the conceptualization and management of industrial heritage in the Visegrad Group countries against the background of European and global trends. The authors offer an overview of the practice of protection and reuse of industrial heritage in the region, identify common problems rooted in the shared character of the structural changes, and present case studies that demonstrate that the heritage of the industrial era has the potential to be a resource for local identities, sustainable urban development, and to address the big challenges of the twenty-first century