Growth of irrigated and fertilized pequi trees in the Cerrado of Goiás, Brazil

The objective of this study is to evaluate the growth of pequi trees in function of irrigation and organic fertilization. A total of 96 pequi plants (6-8 years of age), spaced 5 x 5 m, were used in a randomized blocks experiment with six plots and for repetitions. Four treatments were evaluated: IF = Irrigation with fertilization, IWF = Irrigation without fertilization, WIF = Without irrigation with fertilization, and WIWF = Without irrigation and without fertilization, in subdivided plots. The irrigation system was microsprinklers. The volume of water applied was estimated by the evapotranspiration of pequi trees. Cover fertilizations were performed in Nov/2014 using composting material and Yorim, and in Nov/2015 using tanned cattle manure and chicken litter. The growth was monthly evaluated by the height and the stem perimeter, and the canopy was evaluated in a 7.1 years old orchard. Leaf temperature and transpiration were evaluated by sap flow in irrigated and non-irrigated trees. The pequi tree did not respond to treatments in terms of height and stem perimeter. Irrigation provided trees with larger canopy areas. When irrigated, the leaf temperature of pequi trees remained below average air temperatures, independently of dry or rainy periods. Without irrigation, plants presented water stress during the dry season. Under rainy conditions, the mean transpiration of the pequi tree was 24.09 L d-1 per plant. When irrigated, it was on average 42.29 L d-1 per plant.El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el crecimiento de árboles de pequi en función de la irrigación y la fertilización orgánica, en un experimento de bloques al azar con seis parcelas y cuatro repeticiones. Se utilizaron 16 plantas por parcela espaciadas 5 x 5 m. Se evaluaron cuatro tratamientos: IF = Riego con fertilización, IWF = Riego sin fertilización, WIF = Sin riego con fertilización, y WIWF = Sin riego y sin fertilización, en parcelas subdivididas. El sistema de riego utilizado fue microaspersión. El volumen de agua aplicada se estimó en función de la evapotranspiración de los árboles de pequi. Las dosis de fertilización se aplicaron en noviembre de 2014 utilizando material de compostaje y Yorim; y en noviembre de 2015 se utilizó estiércol de ganado y estiércol de pollo. Cada mes se evaluaron la altura y el perímetro del tallo; el dosel fue evaluado en un huerto de 7,1 años. La temperatura de la hoja y la transpiración fueron evaluadas por el flujo de savia en árboles irrigados y no irrigados. El pequi no respondió a los tratamientos en términos de altura y perímetro del tallo. El riego proporcionó árboles con áreas más grandes de copa. Cuando se regaron, la temperatura de las hojas de los árboles de pequi se mantuvo por debajo de las temperaturas promedio del aire, independientemente de los períodos secos o lluviosos. Sin riego, las plantas presentaron estrés hídrico durante la estación seca. Bajo condiciones de lluvia, la transpiración media del árbol de pequi fue de 24,09 L d-1 por planta. Cuando se regaba, era en promedio de 42,29 L d-1 por planta

Growth of irrigated and fertilized pequi trees in the Cerrado of Goiás, Brazil

The objective of this study is to evaluate the growth of pequi trees in function of irrigation and organic fertilization. A total of 96 pequi plants (6-8 years of age), spaced 5 x 5 m, were used in a randomized blocks experiment with six plots and for repetitions. Four treatments were evaluated: IF = Irrigation with fertilization, IWF = Irrigation without fertilization, WIF = Without irrigation with fertilization, and WIWF = Without irrigation and without fertilization, in subdivided plots. The irrigation system was microsprinklers. The volume of water applied was estimated by the evapotranspiration of pequi trees. Cover fertilizations were performed in Nov/2014 using composting material and Yorim, and in Nov/2015 using tanned cattle manure and chicken litter. The growth was monthly evaluated by the height and the stem perimeter, and the canopy was evaluated in a 7.1 years old orchard. Leaf temperature and transpiration were evaluated by sap flow in irrigated and non-irrigated trees. The pequi tree did not respond to treatments in terms of height and stem perimeter. Irrigation provided trees with larger canopy areas. When irrigated, the leaf temperature of pequi trees remained below average air temperatures, independently of dry or rainy periods. Without irrigation, plants presented water stress during the dry season. Under rainy conditions, the mean transpiration of the pequi tree was 24.09 L d-1 per plant. When irrigated, it was on average 42.29 L d-1 per plant

Prevalência da hipertensão arterial em adultos e fatores associados em São Luís - MA

FUNDAMENTO: No Brasil, a prevalência de hipertensão arterial (HA) e seus fatores de risco são pouco conhecidos nas regiões menos desenvolvidas. OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência da hipertensão arterial na população > 18 anos em São Luís - MA e fatores associados, de acordo com os critérios do Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee (JNC 7). MÉTODOS: Realizou-se estudo transversal em São Luís - MA, de fevereiro a março de 2003, em 835 pessoas com idade > 18 anos que responderam a um questionário estruturado em domicílio. Foram medidos pressão arterial (PA), peso, altura e circunferência abdominal. Avaliaram-se outros fatores de risco para doença cardiovascular. Na identificação dos fatores associados à HA foi utilizado o modelo de regressão de Poisson, com estimativa da razão de prevalências (RP) e seu respectivo intervalo de confiança de 95%. RESULTADOS: A idade variou entre 18 e 94 anos (média de 39,4 anos), sendo 293 (35,1%) pessoas normotensas e 313 (37,5%) pré-hipertensas. A prevalência de HA foi de 27,4% (IC95% 24,4% a 30,6%), maior no sexo masculino (32,1%) que no feminino (24,2%). Na análise ajustada permaneceram independentemente associados à HA: sexo masculino (RP 1,52 IC95% 1,25-1,84), idade > 30 anos, sendo RP=6,65, IC95% 4,40-10,05 para idade > 60 anos, sobrepeso (RP 2,09 IC95% 1,64-2,68), obesidade (RP 2,68 IC95% 2,03-3,53) e diabete (RP 1,56 IC95% 1,24-1,97). CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados sugerem a necessidade de controle do sobrepeso, obesidade e diabete, sobretudo em mulheres e pessoas com idade maior ou igual a 30 anos para a redução da prevalência da hipertensão arterial

Guarana (Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis), an anciently consumed stimulant from the Amazon rain forest: The seeded-fruit transcriptome

Guarana (Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis) is a plant native to the central Amazon basin. Roasted seed extracts have been used as medicinal beverages since pre-Colombian times, due to their reputation as stimulants, aphrodisiacs, tonics, as well as protectors of the gastrointestinal tract. Guarana plants are commercially cultivated exclusively in Brazil to supply the national carbonated soft-drink industry and natural product stores around the world. In this report, we describe and discuss the annotation of 15,387 ESTs from guarana seeded-fruits, highlighting sequences from the flavonoid and purine alkaloid pathways, and those related to biotic stress avoidance. This is the largest set of sequences registered for the Sapindaceae family. © 2007 Springer-Verlag