Proizvodnja inokoluma ektomikoriza gljiva uzgojem na krutoj podlozi i submerznom fermentacijom

Ectomycorrhizal fungi are very important for forestry practices. In order to develop controlled mycorrhization practices it is necessary to isolate and select ectomycorrhizal fungi that are able to colonize the intended plant species and that are efficient in promoting its growth under the environmental conditions prevailing in the plantation site. To be suitable for the inoculation of nursery seedlings, these fungi must be able to grow rapidly during large-scale cultivation and maintain high infectivity rates during storage. Even though several decades have passed since the first field-scale mycorrhizal experiments, the routine use of these fungi to inoculate plants is still not very common. The lack of suitable ectomycorrhizal inoculants in the market is one of the main factors contributing to this situation. This review presents and discusses techniques for the production and application of ectomycorrhizal inoculants, as well as the more recent studies aimed at developing reliable industrial production processes.Ektomikorize gljiva su vrlo važne u šumarstvu. Za razvoj kontroliranih mikoriza potrebno je izolirati i odabrati gljive što mogu kolonizirati ciljanu vrstu biljaka i koje uspješno rastu u plantažnim uvjetima. Da bi se mogle koristiti za inokulaciju biljaka u rasadniku, gljive moraju brzo rasti i u velikim količinama tijekom uzgoja te zadržavati veliku infektivnost pri skladištenju. Iako je prošlo više desetljeća od prvog mikoriznog pokusa na polju, još uvijek nije raširena upotreba tih gljiva za inokulaciju biljaka. Glavni uzrok tomu je nedostatak prikladnog ektomikoriznog inokulanta na tržištu. U ovom je revijalnom prikazu dan pregled i rasprava o tehnikama proizvodnje i primjeni ektomikoriznih inokulanata, te o najnovijim istraživanjima kako bi se u industriji razvili pouzdani proizvodni procesi

Proizvodnja inokoluma ektomikoriza gljiva uzgojem na krutoj podlozi i submerznom fermentacijom

Ectomycorrhizal fungi are very important for forestry practices. In order to develop controlled mycorrhization practices it is necessary to isolate and select ectomycorrhizal fungi that are able to colonize the intended plant species and that are efficient in promoting its growth under the environmental conditions prevailing in the plantation site. To be suitable for the inoculation of nursery seedlings, these fungi must be able to grow rapidly during large-scale cultivation and maintain high infectivity rates during storage. Even though several decades have passed since the first field-scale mycorrhizal experiments, the routine use of these fungi to inoculate plants is still not very common. The lack of suitable ectomycorrhizal inoculants in the market is one of the main factors contributing to this situation. This review presents and discusses techniques for the production and application of ectomycorrhizal inoculants, as well as the more recent studies aimed at developing reliable industrial production processes.Ektomikorize gljiva su vrlo važne u šumarstvu. Za razvoj kontroliranih mikoriza potrebno je izolirati i odabrati gljive što mogu kolonizirati ciljanu vrstu biljaka i koje uspješno rastu u plantažnim uvjetima. Da bi se mogle koristiti za inokulaciju biljaka u rasadniku, gljive moraju brzo rasti i u velikim količinama tijekom uzgoja te zadržavati veliku infektivnost pri skladištenju. Iako je prošlo više desetljeća od prvog mikoriznog pokusa na polju, još uvijek nije raširena upotreba tih gljiva za inokulaciju biljaka. Glavni uzrok tomu je nedostatak prikladnog ektomikoriznog inokulanta na tržištu. U ovom je revijalnom prikazu dan pregled i rasprava o tehnikama proizvodnje i primjeni ektomikoriznih inokulanata, te o najnovijim istraživanjima kako bi se u industriji razvili pouzdani proizvodni procesi

The modulation of leguminous plant ethylene levels by symbiotic rhizobia played a role in the evolution of the nodulation process

Ethylene plays an important role in regulating the rhizobial nodulation process. Consequently, numerous strains of rhizobia possess the ability to decrease plant ethylene levels by the expression of the enzyme 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase or via the production of rhizobitoxine, thus, leading to an increased ability to nodulate leguminous plants. Nevertheless, not much is understood about the prevalence of these ethylene modulation genes in different rhizobial groups nor their role in the evolution of the symbiotic process. In this work, we analyze the prevalence and evolution of the enzymes ACC deaminase (AcdS) and dihydrorhizobitoxine desaturase (RtxC) in 395 NodC+ genomes from different rhizobial strains isolated from a wide range of locations and plant hosts, and discuss their importance in the evolution of the symbiotic process. The obtained results show that AcdS and RtxC are differentially prevalent in rhizobial groups, indicating the existence of several selection mechanisms governed by the rhizobial strain itself and its evolutionary origin, the environment, and, importantly, the leguminous plant host (co-evolution). Moreover, it was found that the prevalence of AcdS and RtxC is increased in Bradyrhizobium and Paraburkholderia, and lower in other groups. Data obtained from phylogenetic, evolutionary as well as gene localization analysis support the previous hypotheses regarding the ancient origin of the nodulation abilities in Bradyrhizobium and Paraburkholderia, and brings a new perspective for the importance of ethylene modulation genes in the development of the symbiotic process. The acquisition of AcdS by horizontal gene transfer and a positive selection in other rhizobial groups indicates that this enzyme plays an important role in the nodulation process of many rhizobia. On the other hand, RtxC is negatively selected in most symbioses. Understanding the evolution of ethylene modulation genes in rhizobia may be the key to the development of new strategies aiming for an increased nodulation and nitrogen fixation process.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Brazil [DT 306167/2015-8

A low-cost HPV immunochromatographic assay to detect high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

Objective To evaluate the reproducibility and accuracy of the HPV16/18-E6 test. Methods The study population was comprised of 448 women with a previously abnormal Pap who were referred to the Barretos Cancer Hospital (Brazil) for diagnosis and treatment. Two cervical samples were collected immediately before colposcopy, one for the hr-HPV-DNA test and cytology and the other for the HPV16/18-E6 test using high-affinity monoclonal antibodies (mAb). Women with a histologic diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or 3 were considered to be positive cases. Different strategies using a combination of screening methods (HPV-DNA) and triage tests (cytology and HPV16/18-E6) were also examined and compared. Results The HPV16/18-E6 test exhibited a lower positivity rate compared with the HPV-DNA test (19.0% vs. 29.3%, p<0.001) and a moderate/high agreement (kappa = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.60-0.75). It also exhibited a significantly lower sensitivity for CIN2+ and CIN3+ detection compared to the HPV-DNA test and a significantly higher specificity. The HPV16/18-E6 test was no different from cytology in terms of sensitivity, but it exhibited a significantly higher specificity in comparison to ASCH+. A triage test after HPV-DNA detection using the HPV16/18-E6 test exhibited a significantly higher specificity compared with a triage test of ASCH+ to CIN2+ (91.8% vs. 87.4%, p = 0.04) and CIN3+ (88.6% vs. 84.0%, p = 0.05). Conclusion The HPV16/18-E6 test exhibited moderate/high agreement with the HPV-DNA test but lower sensitivity and higher specificity for the detection of CIN2+ and CIN3+. In addition, its performance was quite similar to cytology, but because of the structural design addressed for the detection of HPV16/18-E6 protein, the test can miss some CIN2/3+ lesions caused by other high-risk HPV types.Cancer Prevention Department, Center for the Researcher Support and Pathology Department of the Barretos Cancer Hospital. This study was supported by CNPq 573799/2008-3 and FAPESP 2008/57889-1info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

A "nova classe média": repercussões psicossociais em famílias brasileiras

O presente artigo, em uma abordagem ensaística, tem como objetivo analisar efeitos psicossociais na constituição de modos de subjetivação e em famílias a partir da emergência daquilo que vem sendo nomeado de a "nova classe média brasileira". Para isto, primeiramente foi feita revisão bibliográfica de como a sociologia, economia e antropologia vem conceituando e caracterizando esta nova classe social, considerando que não há estudos acerca desse tema na Psicologia. A partir do diálogo com fontes midiáticas, buscou-se pensar como vem sendo operada a construção de um "estilo de vida" marcado pela tentativa de planejamento do futuro, consumo e meritocracia. Tais características mostram-se importantes formas de aproximação com a classe média tradicional. Por fim, buscou-se entender como famílias vêm vivenciando tais mudanças em seu cotidiano, organização e relações.</p