Inversão da pirâmide alimentar em adolescentes praticantes de treinamento resistido: um estudo piloto

Objetivo: avaliar o consumo alimentar de adolescentes praticantes de treinamento resistido ao longo de 12 semanas e sua possível influência na composição corporal. Materiais e métodos: Fizeram parte da amostra 12 sujeitos de ambos os sexos, com média de idade 17,17 anos ± 0,72. A composição corporal foi mensurada utilizando o software Terra Azul da Physical Test® versão 4.21 no qual a predição de gordura de foi feita de acordo com o protocolo de Pollock de sete dobras (pré e pós-treinamento resistido). O comportamento alimentar foi avaliado por meio do Questionário de Frequência de Consumo Alimentar - QFCA. Resultados: Os achados do nosso estudo mostraram que no período de 12 semanas de TR não houve modificação na composição corporal dos adolescentes, a estatura média foi de 1,67 m ± 0,08; da massa corporal foi de 59,87 kg ± 10,79; e do percentual de gordura de 19,62% ± 4,66; percentual da massa livre de gordura de 80,38% ± 4,66 (P>0,05). Além disso, a avaliação do estado nutricional apontou que a maioria dos adolescentes está com o consumo “abaixo do ideal†para os grupos alimentares da base da PA e “acima do ideal†para os grupos alimentares do ápice (P<0,05), caracterizando uma inversão da recomendação do consumo alimentar. Conclusão: o treinamento resistido isoladamente não foi capaz de alterar a composição corporal de adolescentes após 12 semanas de treinamento, se os mesmos, não possuírem supervisão direta da dieta e treino.  ABSTRACTFood pyramid inversion in resistence training exerciser teenagers: a pilot studyObjective: this paper intended to evaluate the food intake habits of teenagers who practiced resistance training exercises and its influence on body composition during 12 weeks. Methods: a study of 12 male and female teenagers with the average age 17.17 ± 0.72 yr. The body composition was evaluated by Terra Azul software (Physical Test®, version 4.21), through the Pollock protocol (7 skin folds), before and after resistance training. The food intake habits were assessed by Food Consumption Frequency Questionnaire – QFCA. Results:  during 12 weeks of resistance training there was no difference on teenager’s anthropometry. The average height was 1.67 ± 0.08m; body weight 59.87 ± 10.79 kg; body fat 19.62% ± 4.66; fat-free mass 80.38% ± 4.66 (P>0.05). Moreover, the nutrition status evaluation showed that teenagers had “below-ideal†consumption of the base food groups from the food pyramid and “above-ideal†of the apex food groups from the food pyramid (P>0.05), which characterized a food pyramid inversion. Conclusion: the resistance training per se wasn’t able to modify teenagers’ body composition after 12 weeks of resistance training

Dynamic, Not Isometric Resistance Training Improves Muscle Inflammation, Oxidative Stress and Hypertrophy in Rats

This study aimed to compare the effects of dynamic (DRT) and isometric (IRT) resistance training on blood glucose, muscle redox capacity, inflammatory state, and muscle strength and hypertrophy. Fifteen 12-week-old male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into three groups: control group (CTL), DRT, and IRT, n = 5 animals per group. The animals were submitted to a maximal weight carried (MWC; every 15 days) and maximum isometric resistance (MIR; pre- and post-training) tests. Both training protocols were performed five times a week during 12 weeks, consisting of one set of eight uninterrupted climbs for 1 min with a 30% overload of MWC. The animals in the IRT group remained under isometry for 1 min. The DRT group experienced greater MWC from pre- to post-training compared to the CTL and IRT groups (p < 0.0001). The DRT and IRT groups displayed similar gains in MIR (p = 0.3658). The DRT group exhibited improved glycemic homeostasis (p = 0.0111), redox (p < 0.0001), and inflammatory (p < 0.0001) balance as compared with CTL and IRT groups. In addition, the improved glycemic profile was associated with an increase in muscle strength and hypertrophy, improvement in redox balance and inflammation status. We conclude that DRT was more effective than IRT on increasing cross-sectional area, but not muscle strength, in parallel to improved blood glucose, inflammatory status, and redox balance

Performance trends in Paralympic athletes in sprint, middle-distance and endurance events

In recent decades the participation in Paralympic sports has grown exponentially, with an increasing number of countries and athletes attending to these events. However, despite the tremendous growth, only a few studies involving the performance of Paralympic athletes have been published to date. We aimed to investigate and compare the performance trends of men and women in category T54 from sprint, middle-distance and endurance events in Paralympic international events held from 2009 to 2018. Data were extracted from the publicly available IPC database (https://www.paralympic.org/). The male and female athletes in the Paralympic category T54 of the sprints, middle distance and endurance made up the sample. Final analysis included a total of 2097 men and 940 women (n = 3037). The comparison between men and women showed statistical differences in performance with men being faster in all sprint and middle-distance events (p  0.05). Linear regression showed differences between men and women in the performance trends from 2009 to 2018 in the sprint, middle-distance and endurance events (p < 0.05). In conclusion, men are faster than women in sprint, middle-distance and endurance Paralympic athletics events. In spite of performance has not improved over the last decade, the performance is distinctly correlated with age in the sprint and middle-distance events (younger and faster) and endurance events (older and faster)

Associação entre a variabilidade da frequência cardíaca e o estresse oxidativo: o papel do exercício

ABSTRACT Association between heart rate variability and oxidative stress: the role of physical exerciseThe genesis of cardiovascular disease has been associated with the autonomic dysfunction and redox imbalance. The heart rate variability has been efficient in identifying changes in neurocardiac function that may be caused by oxidative stress. Few isolated interventions are able to modify neurocardiac function and redox balance at same time, one example is physical exercise. Thereby, the aim of the study is to assess the association between redox balance with heart rate variability, and assess the role of physical exercise on redox balance and neurocardiac function. It is possible that HRV and oxidative stress are inversely proportional. Thus, HRV can be a non-invasive prognostic tool of oxidative stress.A gênese de diversas doenças cardiovasculares tem sido associada ao menor controle cardiovascular e ao desequilíbrio redox. A Variabilidade da Frequência Cardíaca (VFC) tem se mostrado eficiente em identificar alterações na função neurocardíaca causadas possivelmente pelo estresse oxidativo (EO). Poucas intervenções isoladas são capazes de promover modificações na função neurocardíaca e no balanço redox ao mesmo tempo, um exemplo é o exercício físico. Desse modo, o presente estudo tem como objetivo verificar no atual estado da arte, as relações existentes entre a função neurocardíaca e o balanço redox, além de verificar na literatura contemporânea, indicativos sobre o papel do exercício físico no balanço redox e função autonômica. É razoável inferir que existe uma razão de proporção inversa entre a VFC e o EO. Desse modo, a VFC pode ser um método não invasivo de prognóstico do EO.

Acute effects of cycling exercise on post-exercise blood pressure in individuals with down syndrome

Purpose. Studies have shown that even a single session of physical exercise lowers blood pressure after its completion. This phenomenon is called post-exercise hypotension (PEH) and has been considered as a non-pharmacological treatment to control blood pressure. However, there are no studies regarding the occurrence of PEH after acute exercise in individuals with Down syndrome (DS). This study aimed to analyse the occurrence of PEH in these subjects and the possible role of exercise intensity. Methods. Ten individuals with DS, of both genders, participated in the study (age, 29 ± 7 years; body mass, 60.7 ± 9 kg; height, 1.48 ± 0.11 m; BMI, 27.6 ± 2.4 kg/m2). The volunteers randomly underwent 2 sessions of exercise on a stationary bike for 20 minutes and 1 control session. Heart rate, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured after 15 minutes of resting, in the 20th minute of each exercise session or control, and in the 15th, 30th, and 45th minute of postexercise recovery. Results. Both moderate and intense exercise performed acutely increased SBP (p < 0.001, p < 0.01, respectively), with no effect on DBP in individuals with DS. Neither the moderate nor the intense exercise was enough to elicit PEH. Conclusions. The results indicated that individuals with DS may not present PEH for the intensities, duration, and exercise mode as applied in the present investigation. While additional studies with different exercise strategies are needed, our findings contribute to the body of literature regarding the PEH responses in adults with DS

Inversão da pirâmide alimentar em adolescentes praticantes de treinamento resistido: um estudo piloto

Objetivo: avaliar o consumo alimentar de adolescentes praticantes de treinamento resistido ao longo de 12 semanas e sua possível influência na composição corporal. Materiais e métodos: Fizeram parte da amostra 12 sujeitos de ambos os sexos, com média de idade 17,17 anos ± 0,72. A composição corporal foi mensurada utilizando o software Terra Azul da Physical Test® versão 4.21 no qual a predição de gordura de foi feita de acordo com o protocolo de Pollock de sete dobras (pré e pós-treinamento resistido). O comportamento alimentar foi avaliado por meio do Questionário de Frequência de Consumo Alimentar - QFCA. Resultados: Os achados do nosso estudo mostraram que no período de 12 semanas de TR não houve modificação na composição corporal dos adolescentes, a estatura média foi de 1,67 m ± 0,08; da massa corporal foi de 59,87 kg ± 10,79; e do percentual de gordura de 19,62% ± 4,66; percentual da massa livre de gordura de 80,38% ± 4,66 (P>0,05). Além disso, a avaliação do estado nutricional apontou que a maioria dos adolescentes está com o consumo “abaixo do ideal” para os grupos alimentares da base da PA e “acima do ideal” para os grupos alimentares do ápice (P0.05). Moreover, the nutrition status evaluation showed that teenagers had “below-ideal” consumption of the base food groups from the food pyramid and “above-ideal” of the apex food groups from the food pyramid (P>0.05), which characterized a food pyramid inversion. Conclusion: the resistance training per se wasn’t able to modify teenagers’ body composition after 12 weeks of resistance training

Sprint and endurance training in relation to redox and inflammatory status and biomarkers of aging in master athletes

Purpose Studies have shown a positive influence of intense athletic training on several biomarkers of aging, but it remains unclear whether this influence is dependent of exercise-training-mode. This study compared redox balance, cytokine levels and biomarkers of aging between master sprinters and endurance athletes, as well as in young and middle-aged individuals as controls. Methods Participants were male master sprinters (SA, 50±8.9yrs; n=13) and endurance runners (EA, 53±8.2yrs; n=18) with remarkable athletic experience (∼25yrs of practice), besides untrained young (YC, 22.7±3.9yrs; n=17) and age-matched controls (MC, 45.5±9.8yrs; n=12). Anamnesis, anthropometrics, biomarkers of aging, inflammation status and oxidative stress parameters were analyzed in all participants. Results An increased pro-oxidant activity (elevated protein carbonyl; isoprostanes and 8-OHdG) was observed for MC in comparison to remaining groups (p<0.05). However, SA presented a better antioxidant capacity than both MC and EA, while nitrite/nitrate (NOx) availability was higher for EA and lower for the MC (p<0.05). Both groups of athletes presented a better anti-inflammatory status than MC (increased IL-10 and lowered IL-6, sIL-6R, sTNF-RI), but worse than YC (increased TNF-α, sTNF-RI, and sIL-6R) (p<0.05). Telomere length was shorter in MC, which also had lower levels of irisin and klotho, and elevated FGF-23 (p<0.05). ADMA levels were higher in MC and SA, while irisin was lower in EA when compared to SA and YC (p<0.05). Conclusion Master athletes presented better redox balance and inflammatory status, with decreased biomarkers of aging compared to control. Regarding exercise mode, a better NO- profile, as a marker of endothelial function, was observed for EA, whereas SA had a better redox balance, cytokines profile and attenuated biomarkers of aging.peerReviewe

Are Resistance Training-Induced BDNF in Hemodialysis Patients Associated with Depressive Symptoms, Quality of Life, Antioxidant Capacity, and Muscle Strength? An Insight for the Muscle–Brain–Renal Axis

Background: Hemodialysis patients are suffering from depressive symptoms. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels are negatively associated with depressive symptoms and decrease during a single hemodialysis session. Resistance training (RT) might be an additional non-pharmacological tool to increase BDNF and promote mental health. Methods: Two randomized groups of hemodialysis patients: control (CTL, n = 76/F36; 66.33 ± 3.88 years) and RT (n = 81/F35; 67.27 ± 3.24 years). RT completed six months of training thrice a week under the supervision of strength and conditioning professional immediately before the dialysis session. Training loads were adjusted using the OMNI rating of perceived exertion. The total antioxidant capacity (TROLOX), glutathione (GSH), thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), and BDNF levels were analyzed in serum samples. Quality of life (assessed through Medical Outcomes—SF36), and Beck Depression Inventory was applied. Results: RT improved handgrip strength (21.17 ± 4.38 vs. 27.17 ± 4.34; p = 0.001) but not for CTL (20.09 ± 5.19 vs. 19.75 ± 5.54; p = 0.001). Post-training, RT group had higher values as compared to CTL related to TROLOX (RT,680.8 ± 225.2 vs. CTL,589.5 ± 195.9; p = 0.001) and GSH (RT, 9.33 ± 2.09 vs. CTL,5.00 ± 2.96; p = 0.001). RT group had lower values of TBARS as compared to CTL at post-training (RT, 11.06 ± 2.95 vs. CTL, 13.66 ± 2.62; p = 0.001). BDNF increased for RT (11.66 ± 5.20 vs. 19.60 ± 7.23; p = 0.001), but decreased for CTL (14.40 ± 4.99 vs. 10.84 ± 5.94; p = 0.001). Quality of life and mental health increased (p = 0.001) for RT, but did not change for CTL (p = 0.001). BDNF levels were associated with emotional dimensions of SF36, depressive symptoms, and handgrip (p = 0.001). Conclusions: RT was effective as a non-pharmacological tool to increased BDNF levels, quality of life, temper the redox balance and decrease depressive symptoms intensity in hemodialysis patients

Effects of dynamic and isometric resistance training protocols on metabolic profile in hemodialysis patients: a randomized controlled trial

To compare the effect of dynamic (DRT) and isometric (IRT) resistance training on glycemic homeostasis, lipid profile, and nitric oxide (NO) in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Patients were randomly distributed into three groups: control (CTL; n=65), DRT (n=65), and IRT (n=67). Patients were tested for fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, oral glucose tolerance test, insulin resistance, lipid profile, leptin, insulin, adiponectin, C-reactive protein, and NO were assessed pre- and post-intervention period. Patients underwent to strength and body composition assessments. Subjects allocated in both DRT and IRT groups took part in a 24-week resistance training program, three times per week. Each training session was approximately one hour before dialysis and consisted of 3 sets of 8-12 repetitions at low intensity. Total workload was higher in the DRT as compared with the IRT. This heightened workload related to better glycemic homeostasis in HD patients as measured by regulation of insulin, adiponectin, and leptin, while improvement of triglycerides, free-fat mass, and muscle strength. Additionally, NO levels were increased on DRT group. NO was significantly correlated with glucose intolerance (r=-0.42, p=0.0155) and workload (r=0.46, p=0.0022). The IRT group only improved strength (pThe accepted manuscript in pdf format is listed with the files at the bottom of this page. The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the manuscript may differ slightly between what is listed on this page and what is listed in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript; that in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript is what was submitted by the author

Impact of cluster set resistance training on strength, functional capacity, metabolic and inflammatory state in older hemodialysis subjects: A randomized controlled clinical trial

Background and aims: Hemodialysis-associated neuromuscular dysfunction appears to be counteracted by resistance training (RT) in older patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of cluster-set RT protocol on anthropometric parameters, functional capacities, and biochemical variables in older patients with CKD. Methods and results: Seventy-eight older patients (age: 57.55 ± 4.06 years) with CKD undergoing maintenance hemodialysis participated, and were randomly divided into control group (CG, N = 26), traditional RT (RT, N = 26) and cluster-set RT (RT-CS, N = 26) groups. Participants completed 24 weeks of RT three times per week, 1 h and 30 min before the hemodialysis session. Patients from the RT-CS group displayed increased adherence as compared to the RT group (66.35 % versus 61.73 %, p < 0.0001). There was an improvement of all anthropometric variables, handgrip strength, timed up and-go (TUG) and six-minute walking test (6MWT) following both training protocols when compared to control group and pre-intervention values. Fasting blood glucose decreased for both RT and RT-CS groups as compared with pre-intervention, without differences between training protocols and CG. Glycated hemoglobin, inflammatory cytokines, and triglycerides decreased in RT and RT-CS groups as compared with pre-intervention and CG, without differences between them. Furthermore, the RT-CS protocol resulted in a greater number of people who were responsive to training when compared to traditional training. Conclusions: RT-CS is a clinically valuable tool to improve anthropometric parameters, handgrip strength, TUG, 6MWT, fasting blood glucose, and cytokines in CKD older patients