Quality of Herbal Medicines: New Aspects and Solutions

Herbal drugs and herbal medicinal products remain of interest to Russian researchers both in terms of the development, efficacy, and safety of medicines, and in terms of the research methodology applicable to these medicine, as well as the use of new analytical methods expanding the boundaries of contemporary science and medicine. In this interview, Vladimir G. Luzhanin (Candidate of Sciences, Associate Professor, Rector of the Perm State Pharmaceutical Academy), Vladimir A. Kurkin (Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Full Professor, Chairman of the Department of Pharmacognosy with Botany and the Basics of Phytotherapy, Samara State Medical University), and Irina V. Gravel (Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Full Professor, Professor of the I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University) share their views on the application potential and future quality assessment of herbal medicines

The Use of Spectroscopic Methods for Structural Elucidation of Individual Secondary Metabolites Isolated from the Aerial Parts of Corydalis bracteata

Plants of the Corydalis (Papaveraceae) genus are widely used in oriental medicine and are known for their particularly rich content of biologically active substances. One of the species encountered in Russia, the large-flowered corydalis (Corydalis bracteata (Steph. ex Willd.) Pers.), is widespread in Western and Eastern Siberia, but none the less its chemical composition has not been properly studied yet.The aim of the study was to perform phytochemical analysis of Corydalis bracteata herb through isolation of the main secondary metabolites and elucidation of their structure, using modern chromatographic methods of analysis and NMR spectroscopy.Materials and methods: the analysis was performed for dried aerial parts of C. bracteata. The isolation of individual compounds was performed using open-column chromatography and glass columns packed with sorbents with different selectivity characteristics— Dianion® HP-20 (Supelco) and Sephadex® LH-20 (GE Healthcare)—as well as preparative-scale chromatography with a Kromasil® C18 column and detection at 235 nm. Water and acetonitrile mixed in the ratios 5:95–50:50 v/v with the addition of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid were used as the eluents. The analysis of fractions before pooling was performed by high-performance thin-layer chromatography with Silica gel 60 F254 plates (Merck). The analysis of the individual compound solutions was performed by HPLC using a Prominence LC-20 (Shimadzu) instrument, a SUPELCOSIL™ LC-18 column, and detection at 235 nm. The structures of the isolated individual compounds were elucidated by one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy using a Bruker Avance III 400 MHz NMR spectrometer.Results: four individual compounds from the С. bracteata aerial parts were isolated and analysed: an isoquinoline alkaloid— coptisine (1) and three flavonoids—rutin (2), quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), and kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (4).Conclusions: as a result of the phytochemical analysis of the С. bracteata aerial parts, compounds of both alkaloid and flavonoid nature were isolated for the first time, and their structures were elucidated using NMR spectroscopy. С. bracteata should be considered as a promising potential source of biologically active substances

Effect of Phytopreparations Based on Bioreactor-Grown Cell Biomass of Dioscorea Deltoidea, Tribulus Terrestris and Panax Japonicus on Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

In the present study, we explored the therapeutic potential of bioreactor-grown cell cultures of the medicinal plant species Dioscorea deltoidea, Tribulus terrestris and Panax japonicus to treat carbohydrate metabolism disorders (CMDs) in laboratory rats. In the adrenaline model of hyperglycemia, aqueous suspensions of cell biomass pre-administered at a dose of 100 mg dry biomass/kg significantly reduced glucose level in animal blood 1–2.5 h (D. deltoidea and T. terrestris) or 1 h (P. japonicus) after adrenaline hydrochloride administration. In a streptozotocin-induced model of type 2 diabetes mellitus, the cell biomass of D. deltoidea and T. terrestris acted towards normalization of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, as evidenced by a significant reduction of daily diuresis (by 39– 57%), blood-glucose level (by 46–51%), blood content in urine (by 78–80%) and total cholesterol (25– 36%) compared to animals without treatment. Bioactive secondary metabolites identified in the cell cultures and potentially responsible for their actions were deltoside, 25(S)-protodioscin and protodioscin in D. deltoidea; furostanol-type steroidal glycosides and quinic acid derivatives in T. terrestris; and ginsenosides and malonyl-ginsenosides in P. japonicus. These results evidenced for high potential of bioreactor-grown cell suspensions of these species for prevention and treatment of CMD, which requires further investigation. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This.Funding: Bioreactor cultivation of plant cell suspensions and their biochemical analysis were financially supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Russian Federation through Megagrant project no. 075-15-2019-1882 and performed by using the equipment of the large-scale research facilities “Experimental biotechnological facility” and “All-Russian Collection of cell cultures of higher plants” of the IPPRAS (EBF IPPRAS and ARCCC HP IPPRAS). Hypoglycemic activity evaluation of the cell biomass was performed with the financial support of the Russian Science Foundation project no. 19-14-00387. The results of the hypoglycemic activity evaluation were obtained by using the equipment of the Center for Collective Use “Analytical Center of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Saint Petersburg State Chemical Pharmaceutical University (SPCPU) of the Ministry of Health of Russia”, equipped with the financial support of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia

Применение спектральных методов анализа для установления структуры индивидуальных вторичных метаболитов, выделенных из надземной части хохлатки крупноприцветниковой

Plants of the Corydalis (Papaveraceae) genus are widely used in oriental medicine and are known for their particularly rich content of biologically active substances. One of the species encountered in Russia, the large-flowered corydalis (Corydalis bracteata (Steph. ex Willd.) Pers.), is widespread in Western and Eastern Siberia, but none the less its chemical composition has not been properly studied yet.The aim of the study was to perform phytochemical analysis of Corydalis bracteata herb through isolation of the main secondary metabolites and elucidation of their structure, using modern chromatographic methods of analysis and NMR spectroscopy.Materials and methods: the analysis was performed for dried aerial parts of C. bracteata. The isolation of individual compounds was performed using open-column chromatography and glass columns packed with sorbents with different selectivity characteristics— Dianion® HP-20 (Supelco) and Sephadex® LH-20 (GE Healthcare)—as well as preparative-scale chromatography with a Kromasil® C18 column and detection at 235 nm. Water and acetonitrile mixed in the ratios 5:95–50:50 v/v with the addition of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid were used as the eluents. The analysis of fractions before pooling was performed by high-performance thin-layer chromatography with Silica gel 60 F254 plates (Merck). The analysis of the individual compound solutions was performed by HPLC using a Prominence LC-20 (Shimadzu) instrument, a SUPELCOSIL™ LC-18 column, and detection at 235 nm. The structures of the isolated individual compounds were elucidated by one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy using a Bruker Avance III 400 MHz NMR spectrometer.Results: four individual compounds from the С. bracteata aerial parts were isolated and analysed: an isoquinoline alkaloid— coptisine (1) and three flavonoids—rutin (2), quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), and kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (4).Conclusions: as a result of the phytochemical analysis of the С. bracteata aerial parts, compounds of both alkaloid and flavonoid nature were isolated for the first time, and their structures were elucidated using NMR spectroscopy. С. bracteata should be considered as a promising potential source of biologically active substances.Растения рода Corydalis (Papaveraceae) широко используются в восточной медицине и отличаются богатым содержанием биологически активных веществ. Один из представителей рода во флоре России — хохлатка крупноприцветниковая (Corydalis bracteata (Steph. ex Willd.) Pers.) распространена на территории Западной и Восточной Сибири, однако ее химический состав недостаточно изучен.Цель работы: проведение фитохимического анализа травы хохлатки крупноприцветниковой (Corydalis bracteata (Steph. ex Willd.) Pers.) путем выделения в индивидуальном виде и определения структуры основных вторичных метаболитов современными хроматографическими методами анализа и ЯМР-спектроскопией.Материалы и методы: высушенная надземная часть культивируемого растения C. bracteata. Выделение индивидуальных соединений осуществлялось методом колоночной хроматографии на открытых стеклянных колонках с сорбентами различной селективности — Dianion® HP-20 (Supelco) и Sephadex® LH-20 (GE Healthcare), а также методом препаративной ВЭЖХ на колонке Kromasil® C18 с детектированием при 235 нм. В качестве элюента использовали смеси вода– ацетонитрил в соотношениях от 5:95 до 50:50 по объему с добавлением 0,1% трифторуксусной кислоты. Анализ фракций перед объединением проводили методом высокоэффективной тонкослойной хроматографии на пластинках Silica gel 60 F254 (Merck). Анализ растворов полученных индивидуальных соединений проводили методом ВЭЖХ на приборе Prominence LC-20 (Shimadzu) с колонкой SUPELCOSIL™ LC-18 и детектированием при 235 и 280 нм. Структуры выделенных индивидуальных соединений устанавливали методами одномерной и двумерной ЯМР-спектроскопии на приборе Bruker Avance III 400 МГц.Результаты: из надземной части С. bracteata выделены и охарактеризованы четыре индивидуальных соединения: алкалоид изохинолинового ряда  — коптизин, флавоноиды  — рутин, кверцетин-3-О-β-D-глюкопиранозид и кемпферол-3-О-β-D-глюкопиранозид.Выводы: при проведении фитохимического анализа надземной части хохлатки крупноприцветниковой впервые были выделены соединения как алкалоидной, так и флавоноидной природы, структура которых была доказана с помощью ЯМР-спектроскопии. C. bracteata следует рассматривать в качестве перспективного потенциального источника биологически активных веществ

PROSPECTS OF USING PHYTOTHERAPY AT DISORDERS OF FAT AND CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM

The review describes the first stage of phyto-pharmacological screening. It includes literature data analysis on promising species of medicinal plant raw materials, total extracts and individual substances of plant origin with pronounced pharmacological activity in disorders of fat and carbohydrate metabolism, incl. obesity, diabetes mellitus type 2, metabolic syndrome, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, confirmed in preclinical and/or clinical trials

Comparative Analysis of Perspective Extragation Methods for Receiving Extractions from Fenugreek Seeds

Introduction. Today, innovative technologies are widely used in pharmacology (in particular, in the production of herbal preparations), in cosmetology (obtaining various extracts and oils, complex preparations), as well as in the food industry (as natural dyes, etc.). Plant extracts with a high level of risk do not have a harmful effect on the human body, except that they provide environmental safety, which creates a special interest for the pharmaceutical industry . vibrocavitation and supercritical fluid СО2 extraction.Aim. The choice of the optimal level of extraction to obtain a high level of fenugreek seeds.Materials and methods. Obtaining a vibrocavitation extract with an experimental vibration-explosive installation made at the Department of Processes and Apparatus of the St. Petersburg State Technology Institute. Extracts at a temperature of 60±2 ºС. The frequency of revolutions of the homogenizer ranged from 1000 to 5000 rpm. Ultrasonic impact using ultrasound unit I100-6/4 Ultrasonic effect on solid plant material with an intensity of 22 kHz for 60 minutes. The time of extraction in a vibro-cavitation extractor-homogenizer was studied for optimal values.Supercritical fluid СО2-extraction is obtained in two versions with the use of extragent (96% ethanol in the presence of carbon dioxide: ethanol 9:1) and without it. Extraction of the sound of a supercritical fluid extraction system with a 1-liter vessel. SFE1000-2-BASE with a kit for upgrading the SFE1000-2-BASE system to an SFE1000M1-2-FMC50 system (Waters, USA). The flow rate of the extractant was 60 g/min. Emergency listening for one hour and pressure 200, 300 and 400 bar. Extraction is observed three times. The obtained extracts indicate the amount of extractive substances according to article of Russian state pharmacopoeia 1.5.3.0006.15 «Determination of the content of extractive substances in plant raw materials and medicinal plant preparations». Quantitative determination of the saponin complex of parasitic seed seeds on an Agilent QTOF-6530 chromatograph with two ESI and APCI ionization sources according to Gravel et al.Results and discussion. Studies have allowed to determine the amount of extractives in the seeds and choose the most promising method. Conclusion. As a result of our research, it was found that the most promising extraction method for extracting seeds is a parasitic with vibration extraction at frequent revolutions of the homogenizer of 5000 rpm and an extraction time of 60 minutes

Качество лекарственных растительных препаратов: новые аспекты и решения

Herbal drugs and herbal medicinal products remain of interest to Russian researchers both in terms of the development, efficacy, and safety of medicines, and in terms of the research methodology applicable to these medicine, as well as the use of new analytical methods expanding the boundaries of contemporary science and medicine. In this interview, Vladimir G. Luzhanin (Candidate of Sciences, Associate Professor, Rector of the Perm State Pharmaceutical Academy), Vladimir A. Kurkin (Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Full Professor, Chairman of the Department of Pharmacognosy with Botany and the Basics of Phytotherapy, Samara State Medical University), and Irina V. Gravel (Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Full Professor, Professor of the I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University) share their views on the application potential and future quality assessment of herbal medicines.Лекарственное растительное сырье и лекарственные препараты растительного происхождения продолжают интересовать российских исследователей как с точки зрения разработки новых лекарственных средств, их эффективности и безопасности, так и методологии их изучения, использования новых аналитических методов, расширяющих возможности современной науки и медицины. Своими взглядами на перспективы применения лекарственного растительного сырья и препаратов на его основе, а также оценки качества таких препаратов поделились кандидат биологических наук, доцент, ректор Пермской государственной фармацевтической академии Владимир Геннадьевич Лужанин; доктор фармацевтических наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой фармакогнозии с ботаникой и основами фитотерапии Самарского государственного медицинского университета; Владимир Александрович Куркин и доктор фармацевтических наук, профессор, профессор Первого Московского государственного медицинского университета имени И.М. Сеченова Ирина Валерьевна Гравель

EMBININ IS A PERSPECTIVE CARDIOTONIC MEAN FOR NATURAL ORIGIN

Embinin is a flavone C-glycoside from the aerial part of the milky white tangent (Iris lactea). Cardiotonic action was established earlier for the extract of Iris lactea. Identification of the active substance responsible for this type of biological activity seems to be an urgent task. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cardiotropic effect and the toxicological profile of embinin. The acute toxicity of embinin was determined in accordance with GOST 32644-2014, the inotropic effect of embinin was evaluated in comparison with digoxin in the model of perfusion of the isolated rat heart by Langendorf, and also in vivo by echocardiographic study with calculation of the left ventricular shortening fraction and electrocardiogram analysis. The embinin in a dose of 2000 mg/kg didn’t cause the death of female rats. The substance has a pronounced inotropic effect. Establishment of a pronounced cardiotonic effect in the experiment and low toxicity, as well as a high probability of the presence of cardioprotective action of embinin, predicted using the PASS program, allow us to consider embinin as a promising molecule for further studies in cardiovascular disease