Gunn Oscillators Based on Shielded Dielectric Resonators with Mechanical Frequency Tuning

The features of Gunn oscillators based on shielded dielectric resonators with whispering gallery modes and ray oscillations are investigated. Their comparative analysis for oscillators with different dielectric resonant structures is carried out

Effect of plasma suppression additives on electrodynamic characteristics of the torch discharge burning in the air

The paper shows the results of measurements of wave number of electromagnetic wave, which supports burning of high-frequency torch discharge in the mixture of air with water vapor and carbon dioxide. The nonmonotonic dependence of attenuation factor of electromagnetic waves is set on a concentration of water vapor. It is shown that the attenuation degree of electromagnetic field in the plasma with water vapor significantly exceeds the attenuation degree of electromagnetic field in the plasma with carbon dioxide

Microwave Oscillator with the Shielded Dielectric Resonator

A Gunn oscillator with partially shielded hemidisk quasioptical resonator is investigated experimentally in this paper. The investigations of the generation characteristics of oscillations by the semiconductor diode in this resonator are carried out for the different radial co-ordinates of the oscillator active element. The advantages of the investigated oscillator in comparison with the oscillator with an open dielectric resonator are show

The N-terminal domains of Bacillus subtilis CopA do not form a stable complex in the absence of their inter-domain linker

Copper-transporting P-type ATPases, which play important roles in trafficking Cu(I) across membranes for the biogenesis of copper proteins or for copper detoxification, contain a variable number of soluble metal-binding domains at their N-termini. It is increasingly apparent that these play an important role in regulating copper transport in a Cu(I)-responsive manner, but how they do this is unknown. CopA, a Cu(I)-transporter from Bacillus subtilis, contains two N-terminal soluble domains that are closely packed, with inter-domain interactions at two principal regions. Here, we sought to determine the extent to which the domains interact in the absence of their inter-domain covalent linker, and how their Cu(I)-binding properties are affected. Studies of a 1:1 mixture of separate CopAa and CopAb domains showed that the domains do not form a stable complex, with only indirect evidence of a weak interaction between them. Their Cu(I)-binding behaviour was distinct from that of the two domain protein and consistent with a lack of interaction between the domains. Cu(I)-mediated protein association was observed, but this occurred only between domains of the same type. Thus, the inter-domain covalent link between CopAa and CopAb is essential for inter-domain interactions and for Cu(I)-binding behaviour

Automated control system for a mashing process

The goal of this paper is to describe a system for a mashing process, which is the first part of brewing beer. The mashing is a procedure where the fermentable (and some non-fermentable) sugars are extracted from malts. The program part based on LabVIEW, which is used to control NI CompactRIO. The main target of the project is to reach a predefined levels of the temperatures and maintain it during the pauses. When the necessary break time is ended the system is ready to go to the new value. The precise control of the temperatures during the breaks is one of the critical factors that define the texture and alcohol content of the beer. The system has two tanks with resistors PT100 in both of them, heat exchanger (coil), heater and pump. The first tank has heating element in order to rise the temperature in the other one. This project has practical solution with all explanations and graphs which are proven working ability of this control system

Anti-Religious Mood in Italy at the Turn of the 18–19th Centuries

The article is devoted to identifying the causes of anti-religious sentiments in Italy at the turn of the 18–19th centuries. The authors point to the reasons for the apologetic writings of Italian theologians. Their views had a very beneficial effect on the mental and in particular on the religious movement in Italy. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the situation in Italy in the 18–19th centuries. Based on this analysis, the authors conclude that because of the constant confrontation with the Italian government for power and their interests, apologists for Christianity, who belonged to the clergy of the Catholic Church, caused hostility towards the Catholic Church among ordinary Italians. In the course of the study, the idea of a significant impact of this situation on the spread of anti-Christian ideas in Italy at the turn of the 18–19th centuries was substantiated. And the national liberation movement for the unification of Italy, which was gaining momentum at that time, opened up a free field for the dissemination of various anti-church and atheistic teachings

Stimulated emission and lasing in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin films

Stimulated emission and lasing in Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 thin films have been demonstrated at a temperature of 20 K using excitation by a nanosecond pulsed N 2 laser with power densities in the range from 2 to 100 kW cm − 2 . Sharp narrowing of the photoluminescence band, superlinear dependence of its intensity on excitation laser power, as well as stabilization of the spectral position and of the full-width at half-maximum of the band were observed in the films at increasing excitation intensity. The stimulated emission threshold was determined to be 20 kW cm − 2 . A gain value of 94 cm − 1 has been estimated using the variable stripe length method. Several sharp laser modes near 1.13 eV were observed above the laser threshold of I thr ~ 50 kW cm −