Large expert-curated database for benchmarking document similarity detection in biomedical literature search

Document recommendation systems for locating relevant literature have mostly relied on methods developed a decade ago. This is largely due to the lack of a large offline gold-standard benchmark of relevant documents that cover a variety of research fields such that newly developed literature search techniques can be compared, improved and translated into practice. To overcome this bottleneck, we have established the RElevant LIterature SearcH consortium consisting of more than 1500 scientists from 84 countries, who have collectively annotated the relevance of over 180 000 PubMed-listed articles with regard to their respective seed (input) article/s. The majority of annotations were contributed by highly experienced, original authors of the seed articles. The collected data cover 76% of all unique PubMed Medical Subject Headings descriptors. No systematic biases were observed across different experience levels, research fields or time spent on annotations. More importantly, annotations of the same document pairs contributed by different scientists were highly concordant. We further show that the three representative baseline methods used to generate recommended articles for evaluation (Okapi Best Matching 25, Term Frequency–Inverse Document Frequency and PubMed Related Articles) had similar overall performances. Additionally, we found that these methods each tend to produce distinct collections of recommended articles, suggesting that a hybrid method may be required to completely capture all relevant articles. The established database server located at https://relishdb.ict.griffith.edu.au is freely available for the downloading of annotation data and the blind testing of new methods. We expect that this benchmark will be useful for stimulating the development of new powerful techniques for title and title/abstract-based search engines for relevant articles in biomedical research

Resiliência e transtorno do déficit de atenção/hiperatividade Resilience and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Este artigo tem como objetivo fazer uma atualização acerca dos conceitos de resiliência, fatores de risco e fatores de proteção, correlacionando-os com o impacto do transtorno do déficit de atenção/hiperatividade (TDAH). Resiliência descreve a capacidade do indivíduo de, uma vez exposto a estresse, resistir e vencê-lo. A família está envolvida no conceito de resiliência, tanto pela sua capacidade de interferir na resiliência dos seus indivíduos componentes quanto na habilidade de responder como uma unidade funcional resiliente, diante do estresse. O relacionamento com figuras afetivamente importantes na infância, o número pequeno de estressores, e o entendimento subjetivo em relação ao estressor são fatores que influenciam a capacidade de ser resiliente. A ausência de comorbidades, de problemas de conduta ou de relacionamento com colegas, bem como de sintomas somáticos ou problemas de coordenação, está associada com menor impacto negativo do TDAH.<br>The aim of this article is to perform an update regarding the definition of resilience, risk factors and protective factors, and to correlate them with the impact of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Resilience is the capacity to resist and overcome adversity. Family is associated with the concept of resilience not only because of its capacity to interfere with the resilience of its members, but also because of its ability to respond as a functional unit when challenged with adversity. Relationships with affectively meaningful figures during childhood, the number of adverse events to which the individual is submitted and his subjective understanding of the stressor modify the ability to be resilient. ADHD has a smaller negative impact in children without conduct problems, social relationship problems, somatic symptoms or coordination problems

Regulatory Role of MicroRNAs in Brain Development and Function

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules of about 20–22 nucleotides. After their posttranscriptional maturation, miRNAs are loaded into the ribonucleoprotein complex RISC and modulate gene expression by binding to the 3′ untranslated region of their target mRNAs through base-pairing, which in turn triggers mRNA degradation or translational inhibition. There is mounting evidence that miRNAs regulate various biological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Several studies have shown that miRNAs play an important role in neurogenesis and brain development. This review discusses recent progress on understanding the implication of precisely regulated miRNA expression in normal brain development and function. In addition, it reports known cases of dysregulation of miRNA expression and function implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders, craniofacial dysmorphic syndromes, neurodegenerative diseases, and psychiatric disorders. Current knowledge regarding the role of miRNAs in the brain in conjunction with the complex interplay between genetic and epigenetic factors are discussed. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020