Present and Future of Parkinson’s Disease in Spain: PARKINSON-2030 Delphi Project

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic progressive and irreversible disease and the second most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide. In Spain, it affects around 120.000-150.000 individuals, and its prevalence is estimated to increase in the future. PD has a great impact on patients' and caregivers' lives and also entails a substantial socioeconomic burden. The aim of the present study was to examine the current situation and the 10-year PD forecast for Spain in order to optimize and design future management strategies. This study was performed using the modified Delphi method to try to obtain a consensus among a panel of movement disorders experts. According to the panel, future PD management will improve diagnostic capacity and follow-up, it will include multidisciplinary teams, and innovative treatments will be developed. The expansion of new technologies and studies on biomarkers will have an impact on future PD management, leading to more accurate diagnoses, prognoses, and individualized therapies. However, the socio-economic impact of the disease will continue to be significant by 2030, especially for patients in advanced stages. This study highlighted the unmet needs in diagnosis and treatment and how crucial it is to establish recommendations for future diagnostic and therapeutic management of PD

Neuroimagen estructural y funcional en las enfermedades priónicas humanas

Resumen: Introducción: Las prionopatías son un conjunto de enfermedades neurodegenerativas producidas por el acúmulo de una isoforma anormal de la proteína priónica celular (PrPc). Se clasifican en adquiridas, hereditarias y esporádicas. Aunque son muchas las características clínicas, evolutivas y anatomopatológicas que las diferencian, todas ellas tienen en común un curso desfavorable y un pronóstico fatal. Desarrollo: Si bien algunos tipos como el kuru, prácticamente han desaparecido, otras formas como la variante de la enfermedad de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (vECJ) o la iatrogénica siguen vigentes y suponen un reto en la medicina actual. El diagnóstico de certeza se realiza postmortem, salvo en el caso de la vECJ en la que la biopsia amigdalar puede detectar el 100% de los casos. Ello ha supuesto que se definan criterios diagnósticos en función de una probabilidad estadística, que precisa la realización de exámenes complementarios tales como el estudio electroencefalográfico y la detección de la proteína 14-3-3 en el líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR). Solamente la vECJ ha llegado a incluir en los criterios diagnósticos de la OMS el «signo del pulvinar» en resonancia magnética cerebral (RM). En este artículo se revisan los hallazgos de neuroimagen que han sido descritos para cada tipo de prionopatía en pacientes con un diagnóstico de certeza. Conclusiones: La finalidad es definir la utilidad de estas pruebas complementarias como una herramienta de apoyo para el diagnóstico de este conjunto de enfermedades neurodegenerativas. Abstract: Introduction: Prion diseases are neurodegenerative disorders resulting from the accumulation of a misfolded isoform of the cellular prion protein (PrPc). They can occur as acquired, sporadic, or hereditary forms. Although prion diseases show a wide range of phenotypic variations, pathological features and clinical evolution, they are all characterised by a common unfavourable course and a fatal outcome. Review summary: Some variants, such as kuru, have practically disappeared, while others, for example the variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob (vCJD) or those attributable to iatrogenic causes, are still in force and pose a challenge to current medicine. There are no definitive pre-mortem diagnostic tests, except for vCJD, where a tonsil biopsy detects 100% of the cases. For this reason, diagnostic criteria dependent on statistical probability have had to be created. These require complementary examinations, such as an electroencephalogram (EEG) or the detection of 14-3-3 protein in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Only the pulvinar sign in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been included as a vCJD diagnostic criterion. The present review discusses neuroimaging findings for each type of prion disease in patients with a definitive histopathological diagnosis. Conclusions: The aim is to define the usefulness of these complementary examinations as a tool for the diagnosis of this family of neurodegenerative diseases. Palabras clave: Creutzfeldt-Jakob, PET, Prión, Prionopatía, Resonancia magnética, SPECT, Keywords: Creutzfeldt-Jakob, PET, Prion, Prion diseases, MRI, SPEC

Structural and functional neuroimaging in human prion diseases

Introduction: Prion diseases are neurodegenerative disorders resulting from the accumulation of a misfolded isoform of the cellular prion protein (PrPC). They can occur as acquired, sporadic, or hereditary forms. Although prion diseases show a wide range of phenotypic variations, pathological features and clinical evolution, they are all characterised by a common unfavourable course and a fatal outcome. Review summary: Some variants, such as kuru, have practically disappeared, while others, for example the variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD) or those attributable to iatrogenic causes, are still in force and pose a challenge to current medicine. There are no definitive pre-mortem diagnostic tests, except for vCJD, where a tonsil biopsy detects 100% of the cases. For this reason, diagnostic criteria dependent on statistical probability have had to be created. These require complementary examinations, such as an electroencephalogram (EEG) or the detection of 14-3-3 protein in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Only the pulvinar sign in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been included as a vCJD diagnostic criterion. The present review discusses neuroimaging findings for each type of prion disease in patients with a definitive histopathological diagnosis. Conclusions: The aim is to define the usefulness of these complementary examinations as a tool for the diagnosis of this family of neurodegenerative diseases. Resumen: Introducción: Las prionopatías son un conjunto de enfermedades neurodegenerativas producidas por el acúmulo de una isoforma anormal de la proteína priónica celular (PrPc). Se clasifican en adquiridas, hereditarias y esporádicas. Aunque son muchas las características clínicas, evolutivas y anatomopatológicas que las diferencian, todas ellas tienen en común un curso desfavorable y un pronóstico fatal. Desarrollo: Si bien algunos tipos como el kuru, prácticamente han desaparecido, otras formas como la variante de la enfermedad de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (vECJ) o la iatrogénica siguen vigentes y suponen un reto en la medicina actual. El diagnóstico de certeza se realiza postmortem, salvo en el caso de la vECJ en la que la biopsia amigdalar puede detectar el 100% de los casos. Ello ha supuesto que se definan criterios diagnósticos en función de una probabilidad estadística, que precisa la realización de exámenes complementarios tales como el estudio electroencefalográfico y la detección de la proteína 14-3-3 en el líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR). Solamente la vECJ ha llegado a incluir en los criterios diagnósticos de la OMS el «signo del pulvinar» en resonancia magnética cerebral (RM). En este artículo se revisan los hallazgos de neuroimagen que han sido descritos para cada tipo de prionopatía en pacientes con un diagnóstico de certeza. Conclusiones: La finalidad es definir la utilidad de estas pruebas complementarias como una herramienta de apoyo para el diagnóstico de este conjunto de enfermedades neurodegenerativas. Keywords: Creutzfeldt–Jakob, PET, Prion, Prion diseases, MRI, SPECT, Palabras clave: Creutzfeldt-Jakob, PET, Prión, Prionopatía, Resonancia magnética, SPEC

Present and future of parkinson's disease in Spain : Parkinson-2030 delphi project

Altres ajuts: Zambon S.A.U.Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic progressive and irreversible disease and the second most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide. In Spain, it affects around 120.000-150.000 individuals, and its prevalence is estimated to increase in the future. PD has a great impact on pa-tients' and caregivers' lives and also entails a substantial socioeconomic burden. The aim of the present study was to examine the current situation and the 10-year PD forecast for Spain in order to optimize and design future management strategies. This study was performed using the modified Delphi method to try to obtain a consensus among a panel of movement disorders experts. Accord-ing to the panel, future PD management will improve diagnostic capacity and follow-up, it will include multidisciplinary teams, and innovative treatments will be developed. The expansion of new technologies and studies on biomarkers will have an impact on future PD management, leading to more accurate diagnoses, prognoses, and individualized therapies. However, the socio-economic impact of the disease will continue to be significant by 2030, especially for patients in advanced stages. This study highlighted the unmet needs in diagnosis and treatment and how crucial it is to establish recommendations for future diagnostic and therapeutic management of PD