Worldwide genetic variation of the IGHV and TRBV immune receptor gene families in humans.

The immunoglobulin heavy variable (IGHV) and T cell beta variable (TRBV) loci are among the most complex and variable regions in the human genome. Generated through a process of gene duplication/deletion and diversification, these loci can vary extensively between individuals in copy number and contain genes that are highly similar, making their analysis technically challenging. Here, we present a comprehensive study of the functional gene segments in the IGHV and TRBV loci, quantifying their copy number and single-nucleotide variation in a globally diverse sample of 109 (IGHV) and 286 (TRBV) humans from over a 100 populations. We find that the IGHV and TRBV gene families exhibit starkly different patterns of variation. In addition to providing insight into the different evolutionary paths of the IGHV and TRBV loci, our results are also important to the adaptive immune repertoire sequencing community, where the lack of frequencies of common alleles and copy number variants is hampering existing analytical pipelines

The Research on the Impact of Service Failure Severity on Customer Service Failure Attribution in the Network Shopping

In recent years, the rapid development of electronic commerce in China has made online shopping one of the most important shopping ways. However, there are more and more service failures on online shopping, and complaints about them are increasing, which will hinder the development of e-commerce in China. After service failure occurring, customers are going to decide the parties who are responsible for the failure typically based on specific failure situation and personal experience, namely service failure attribution. A lot of research has discussed the effect of service failure attribution on service recovery, customer satisfaction, trust and loyalty, as well as consumer intent of sequent behavior. And yet, the research on service failure attribution process is relatively less. Based on the literatures, this paper examines the effect of failure severity on service failure attribution of locus, controllability, and the moderating role of customer relationship and social responsibility image. The results of this study suggest that: Severity of failure has a significantly positive effect on service failure attribution of locus, controllability; Customer relationship significantly moderates the influences of failure severity on service attribution of locus, controllability; Social responsibility image significantly moderates the influences of failure severity on service attribution of locus, controllability

Characterization of SRB Measures for Random Dynamical Systems on Banach space

This paper considers $C^2$ random dynamical systems on a Banach space, and proves that under some mild conditions, SRB measures are characterized by invariant measures satisfying the Pesin's entropy formula, in which entropy is equal to the sum of positive Lyapunov exponents of the system. This can be regarded as a random version of the main result in Blumenthal and Young's paper \cite{Young17}.Comment: 44pages, revised version with some corrected formulations and argument

H\"{o}lder continuity of Oseledets subspaces for linear cocycles on Banach spaces

Let $f:X\to X$ be an invertible Lipschitz transformation on a compact metric space $X$. Given a H\"{o}lder continuous invertible operator cocycles on a Banach space and an $f$-invariant ergodic measure, this paper establishes the H\"{o}lder continuity of Oseledets subspaces over a compact set of arbitrarily large measure. This extends a result in \cite{Simion16} for invertible operator cocycles on a Banach space. Finally, this paper proves the H\"{o}lder continuity in the non-invertible case

Structure-Induced Ultratransparency in Photonic Crystals

This chapter presents the recent progress on structure-induced ultratransparency in both one- and two-dimensional photonic crystals (PhCs). Ultratransparent PhCs not only have the omnidirectional impedance matching with the background medium, but also have the ability of forming aberration-free virtual images. In certain frequency regimes, such ultratransparent PhCs are the most transparent solid materials on earth. The ultratransparency effect has many applications such as perfectly transparent lens, transformation optics (TO) devices, microwave transparent devices, solar cell packaging, etc. Here, we demonstrate that the ultratransparent PhCs with “shifted” elliptical equal frequency contour (EFC) not only provide a low-loss and feasible platform for transformation optics devices at optical frequencies, but also enable new degrees of freedoms for phase manipulation beyond the local medium framework. In addition, microwave transparent devices can be realized by using such ultratransparent PhCs

When do regulations matter for bank risk-taking? An analysis of the interaction between external regulation and board characteristics

PurposeAccording to previous international studies, the impact of external regulation on bank risk is ambiguous. The purpose of this paper is to ask the question, “When do regulations matter for bank risk-taking?” by reporting the first empirical investigation of how the relation between bank regulations (capital requirements, official supervisory power and market discipline) and bank risk-taking is moderated by board monitoring characteristics.Design/methodology/approachUsing SYS-GMM, the analysis of the interaction between bank-level boards of directors’ attributes (board size, board independence and board gender diversity) and external regulation is based on a sample of 493 banks operating in 54 countries over 2001-2015, accounting for three measures of bank risk-taking.FindingsRegulations matter for bank risk-taking conditional on board characteristics: board size, board independence and board diversity. With the exception of capital requirements, the market discipline exerted by external private monitoring and greater supervisory power are unable to mitigate the propensity to greater risk-taking by banks resulting from larger board size, higher board independence and greater gender diversity of the board.Originality/valueThe bank risk empirical literature is still silent as to the interaction between board governance and regulation for the purpose of examining banks’ risk-taking. This paper fills this gap, thus making a significant contribution by extending our knowledge of whether and how board governance moderates the relationship between external regulation and bank risk-taking

Pseudo-Hermitian Systems Constructed by Transformation Optics with Robustly Balanced Loss and Gain

Non-Hermitian systems with parity-time symmetry have been found to exhibit real spectra of eigenvalues, indicating a balance between the loss and gain. However, such a balance is not only dependent on the magnitude of loss and gain, but also easily broken due to external disturbance. Here, the authors propose a transformation-optics approach to construct a unique class of non-Hermitian systems with robustly balanced loss and gain, irrespective of the magnitude of loss/gain and the environmental disturbance. Through transformation-optics operators like space folding and stretching, loss and gain can be generated and separated in the real space. While in the virtual space, the loss and gain are still combined to each other, rendering a balance of energy that is far more robust than other non-Hermitian systems. This amazing feature is verified by finite-element simulations. This work reveals a class of non-Hermitian systems in which loss and gain are balanced robustly, thereby denoted as pseudo-Hermitian systems