The Synthesis of Milk Medium-Chain Fatty Acids in Mammary Gland

The fatty acid de novo synthesized in mammary gland is mainly catalyzed by fatty acid synthase (FASN) and acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC), including all the short- and medium-chain fatty acid and half part of the palmitate in ruminants. However, the synthesis mechanism of medium-chain fatty acid among different species is different. In non-ruminants, a tissue-specific enzyme thioesterase II (TE II) can interact with TE I, which is a part of FASN, and terminate the elongation of fatty acids at about 10 carbons. However, in ruminants’ mammary-gland acetyl/malonyl-CoA transferase (MAT) is predicted to be involved in the termination of medium-chain fatty acid without the presence of (TE II). A more exact understanding about the mechanism of synthesis of medium-chain fatty acid in different species is still unclear. This review gives the research development of synthesis mechanism of medium-chain fatty acid in mammary gland among different species

Space advanced technology demonstration satellite

The Space Advanced Technology demonstration satellite (SATech-01), a mission for low-cost space science and new technology experiments, organized by Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), was successfully launched into a Sun-synchronous orbit at an altitude of similar to 500 km on July 27, 2022, from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Centre. Serving as an experimental platform for space science exploration and the demonstration of advanced common technologies in orbit, SATech-01 is equipped with 16 experimental payloads, including the solar upper transition region imager (SUTRI), the lobster eye imager for astronomy (LEIA), the high energy burst searcher (HEBS), and a High Precision Magnetic Field Measurement System based on a CPT Magnetometer (CPT). It also incorporates an imager with freeform optics, an integrated thermal imaging sensor, and a multi-functional integrated imager, etc. This paper provides an overview of SATech-01, including a technical description of the satellite and its scientific payloads, along with their on-orbit performance

Comparative analysis of tissue expression and methylation reveal the crucial hypoxia genes in hypoxia resistant animals

Tibetan goat and Tibetan sheep are species peculiar to Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau which is the highest plateau in the world, and have high hypoxia resistance to the extremely bad environment. Unlike monogastrics, how the genes change responding to hypoxia in ruminants remains unclear. In the present study, three healthy animals of every breeds, including Tibetan sheep, Tibetan goat, Chuanzhong goat and Small-Tailed Han sheep were selected. The expression of factor inhibiting HIF 1 (FIH-1), hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), HIF-3α and erythropoietin (EPO) in various tissues, including heart, liver, lungs, kidney, muscle and brain, were investigated. EPO was observed highly expressed in all the tissues of Tibetan goats and Tibetan sheep compared with low-altitude animals respectively, implied that higher expression of EPO may give the explanation for the hypoxia resistance of plateau animals. Besides, we also cloned the promoters of FIH-1, HIF-1α, HIF-3α and EPO in goats and sheep, analyzed their core regions and CpG islands. Higher methylation rate was observed in HIF-1α, HIF-3α and EPO, while lower methylation rate hit on FIH-1. These data may be beneficial for revealing the response mechanism to hypoxia of plateau animals.The accepted manuscript in pdf format is listed with the files at the bottom of this page. The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the manuscript may differ slightly between what is listed on this page and what is listed in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript; that in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript is what was submitted by the author

Large-Scale Station-Level Crowd Flow Forecast with ST-Unet

High crowd mobility is a characteristic of transportation hubs such as metro/bus/bike stations in cities worldwide. Forecasting the crowd flow for such places, known as station-level crowd flow forecast (SLCFF) in this paper, would have many benefits, for example traffic management and public safety. Concretely, SLCFF predicts the number of people that will arrive at or depart from stations in a given period. However, one challenge is that the crowd flows across hundreds of stations irregularly scattered throughout a city are affected by complicated spatio-temporal events. Additionally, some external factors such as weather conditions or holidays may change the crowd flow tremendously. In this paper, a spatio-temporal U-shape network model (ST-Unet) for SLCFF is proposed. It is a neural network-based multi-output regression model, handling hundreds of target variables, i.e., all stations’ in and out flows. ST-Unet emphasizes stations’ spatial dependence by integrating the crowd flow information from neighboring stations and the cluster it belongs to after hierarchical clustering. It learns the temporal dependence by modeling the temporal closeness, period, and trend of crowd flows. With proper modifications on the network structure, ST-Unet is easily trained and has reliable convergency. Experiments on four real-world datasets were carried out to verify the proposed method’s performance and the results show that ST-Unet outperforms seven baselines in terms of SLCFF

Specificity Protein 1 Regulates Gene Expression Related to Fatty Acid Metabolism in Goat Mammary Epithelial Cells

Specificity protein 1 (SP1) is a ubiquitous transcription factor that plays an important role in controlling gene expression. Although important in mediating the function of various hormones, the role of SP1 in regulating milk fat formation remains unknown. To investigate the sequence and expression information, as well as its role in modulating lipid metabolism, we cloned SP1 gene from mammary gland of Xinong Saanen dairy goat. The full-length cDNA of the SP1 gene is 4376 bp including 103 bp of 5'UTR, 2358 bp of ORF (HM_236311) and 1915 bp of 3'UTR, which is predicted to encode a 786 amino acids polypeptide. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that goat SP1 has the closest relationship with sheep, followed by bovines (bos taurus, odobenus and ceratotherium), pig, primates (pongo, gorilla, macaca and papio) and murine (rattus and mus), while the furthest relationship was with canis and otolemur. Expression was predominant in the lungs, small intestine, muscle, spleen, mammary gland and subcutaneous fat. There were no significant expression level differences between the mammary gland tissues collected at lactation and dry-off period. Overexpression of SP1 in goat mammary epithelial cells (GMECs) led to higher mRNA expression level of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) and lower liver X receptor α (LXRα) mRNA level, both of which were crucial in regulating fatty acid metabolism, and correspondingly altered the expression of their downstream genes in GMECs. These results were further enhanced by the silencing of SP1. These findings suggest that SP1 may play an important role in fatty acid metabolism

On the piezoresistive behavior of carbon fibers - Cantilever-based testing method and Maxwell-Garnett effective medium theory modeling

On the piezoresistive behavior of carbon fibers - Cantilever-based testing method and Maxwell-Garnett effective medium theory modelin