193 research outputs found
State snapshot : Wyoming
Wyoming Department of HealthTop 5 Public Health Priorities1. Preserve services with limited funds2. Change focus to population-based (vs. direct care) services3. Foster program excellence4. Develop and recruit qualified workforce5. Promote value and relevance of public healthTotal NCCDPHP Funding: FY 2014 $2,660,129eCDC/NCCDPHP Programs -- Helpful Links -- Key Contacts
Vector-Quantized Prompt Learning for Paraphrase Generation
Deep generative modeling of natural languages has achieved many successes,
such as producing fluent sentences and translating from one language into
another. However, the development of generative modeling techniques for
paraphrase generation still lags behind largely due to the challenges in
addressing the complex conflicts between expression diversity and semantic
preservation. This paper proposes to generate diverse and high-quality
paraphrases by exploiting the pre-trained models with instance-dependent
prompts. To learn generalizable prompts, we assume that the number of abstract
transforming patterns of paraphrase generation (governed by prompts) is finite
and usually not large. Therefore, we present vector-quantized prompts as the
cues to control the generation of pre-trained models. Extensive experiments
demonstrate that the proposed method achieves new state-of-art results on three
benchmark datasets, including Quora, Wikianswers, and MSCOCO. We will release
all the code upon acceptance.Comment: EMNLP Findings, 202
PromptAgent: Strategic Planning with Language Models Enables Expert-level Prompt Optimization
Highly effective, task-specific prompts are often heavily engineered by
experts to integrate detailed instructions and domain insights based on a deep
understanding of both instincts of large language models (LLMs) and the
intricacies of the target task. However, automating the generation of such
expert-level prompts remains elusive. Existing prompt optimization methods tend
to overlook the depth of domain knowledge and struggle to efficiently explore
the vast space of expert-level prompts. Addressing this, we present
PromptAgent, an optimization method that autonomously crafts prompts equivalent
in quality to those handcrafted by experts. At its core, PromptAgent views
prompt optimization as a strategic planning problem and employs a principled
planning algorithm, rooted in Monte Carlo tree search, to strategically
navigate the expert-level prompt space. Inspired by human-like trial-and-error
exploration, PromptAgent induces precise expert-level insights and in-depth
instructions by reflecting on model errors and generating constructive error
feedback. Such a novel framework allows the agent to iteratively examine
intermediate prompts (states), refine them based on error feedbacks (actions),
simulate future rewards, and search for high-reward paths leading to expert
prompts. We apply PromptAgent to 12 tasks spanning three practical domains:
BIG-Bench Hard (BBH), as well as domain-specific and general NLP tasks, showing
it significantly outperforms strong Chain-of-Thought and recent prompt
optimization baselines. Extensive analyses emphasize its capability to craft
expert-level, detailed, and domain-insightful prompts with great efficiency and
generalizability.Comment: 34 pages, 10 figure
Removing 65 Years of Approximation in Rotating Ring Disk Electrode Theory with Physics-Informed Neural Networks
The rotating Ring Disk Electrode (RRDE), since its introduction in 1959 by Frumkin and Nekrasov, has become indispensable with diverse applications in electrochemistry, catalysis, and material science. The collection efficiency ( N ) is an important parameter extracted from the ring and disk currents of the RRDE, providing valuable information about reaction mechanism, kinetics, and pathways. The theoretical prediction of N is a challenging task: requiring solution of the complete convective diffusion mass transport equation with complex velocity profiles. Previous efforts, including by Albery and Bruckenstein who developed the most widely used analytical equations, heavily relied on approximations by removing radial diffusion and using approximate velocity profiles. 65 years after the introduction of RRDE, we employ a physics-informed neural network to solve the complete convective diffusion mass transport equation, to reveal the formerly neglected edge effects and velocity corrections on N , and to provide a guideline where conventional approximation is applicable
AMOS: A Large-Scale Abdominal Multi-Organ Benchmark for Versatile Medical Image Segmentation
Despite the considerable progress in automatic abdominal multi-organ
segmentation from CT/MRI scans in recent years, a comprehensive evaluation of
the models' capabilities is hampered by the lack of a large-scale benchmark
from diverse clinical scenarios. Constraint by the high cost of collecting and
labeling 3D medical data, most of the deep learning models to date are driven
by datasets with a limited number of organs of interest or samples, which still
limits the power of modern deep models and makes it difficult to provide a
fully comprehensive and fair estimate of various methods. To mitigate the
limitations, we present AMOS, a large-scale, diverse, clinical dataset for
abdominal organ segmentation. AMOS provides 500 CT and 100 MRI scans collected
from multi-center, multi-vendor, multi-modality, multi-phase, multi-disease
patients, each with voxel-level annotations of 15 abdominal organs, providing
challenging examples and test-bed for studying robust segmentation algorithms
under diverse targets and scenarios. We further benchmark several
state-of-the-art medical segmentation models to evaluate the status of the
existing methods on this new challenging dataset. We have made our datasets,
benchmark servers, and baselines publicly available, and hope to inspire future
research. Information can be found at https://amos22.grand-challenge.org
Complement C3 Produced by Macrophages Promotes Renal Fibrosis via IL-17A Secretion
Complement synthesis in cells of origin is strongly linked to the pathogenesis and progression of renal disease. Multiple studies have examined local C3 synthesis in renal disease and elucidated the contribution of local cellular sources, but the contribution of infiltrating inflammatory cells remains unclear. We investigate the relationships among C3, macrophages and Th17 cells, which are involved in interstitial fibrosis. Here, we report that increased local C3 expression, mainly by monocyte/macrophages, was detected in renal biopsy specimens and was correlated with the severity of renal fibrosis (RF) and indexes of renal function. In mouse models of UUO (unilateral ureteral obstruction), we found that local C3 was constitutively expressed throughout the kidney in the interstitium, from which it was released by F4/80+macrophages. After the depletion of macrophages using clodronate, mice lacking macrophages exhibited reductions in C3 expression and renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Blocking C3 expression with a C3 and C3aR inhibitor provided similar protection against renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis. These protective effects were associated with reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines, renal recruitment of inflammatory cells, and the Th17 response. in vitro, recombinant C3a significantly enhanced T cell proliferation and IL-17A expression, which was mediated through phosphorylation of ERK, STAT3, and STAT5 and activation of NF-kB in T cells. More importantly, blockade of C3a by a C3aR inhibitor drastically suppressed IL-17A expression in C3a-stimulated T cells. We propose that local C3 secretion by macrophages leads to IL-17A-mediated inflammatory cell infiltration into the kidney, which further drives fibrogenic responses. Our findings suggest that inhibition of the C3a/C3aR pathway is a novel therapeutic approach for obstructive nephropathy
Tailoring MoS2 Valley-Polarized Photoluminescence with Super Chiral Near-Field
Transition metal dichalcogenides with intrinsic spin–valley degrees of freedom hold great potentials for applications in spintronic and valleytronic devices. MoS2 monolayer possesses two inequivalent valleys in the Brillouin zone, with each valley coupling selectively with circularly polarized photons. The degree of valley polarization (DVP) is a parameter to characterize the purity of valley-polarized photoluminescence (PL) of MoS2 monolayer. Usually, the detected values of DVP in MoS2 monolayer show achiral property under optical excitation of opposite helicities due to reciprocal phonon-assisted intervalley scattering process. Here, it is reported that valley-polarized PL of MoS2 can be tailored through near-field interaction with plasmonic chiral metasurface. The resonant field of the chiral metasurface couples with valley-polarized excitons, and tailors the measured PL spectra in the far-field, resulting in observation of chiral DVP of MoS2-metasurface under opposite helicities excitations. Valley-contrast PL in the chiral heterostructure is also observed when illuminated by linearly polarized light. The manipulation of valley-polarized PL in 2D materials using chiral metasurface represents a viable route toward valley-polaritonic devices
- …