61 research outputs found
Emerging Geopolitical Trends and Security in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the People's Republic of China, and India (ACI) Region
The Nordic Trade Union Movement and Transnational Anti-Communist Networks in the Early Cold War
Pedagogical Entanglements and the Cold War : A Comparative Study on Opening History Lessons on the Cold War in Sweden and Switzerland
Thorp uses the case studies of two classrooms, one Swiss, one Swedish, exploring different pedagogical approaches to the Cold War and addressing the challenges posed to teachers of history in general. There is, he argues, a tension inherent in history that arises because history is both fixed yet also contingent upon who relates it. In this chapter, Thorp examines the degree to which the two teachers in his case study operate within this contingency. Thorp’s model of the narratological uses of history allows him to formulate a pedagogical approach which prioritises critical enquiry and the awareness of historical consciousness. Teaching the Cold War particularly reinforces this conclusion, because the topic can be addressed from radically different perspectives
A Systematic Study of Microörganisms Which Decompose the Specific Carbohydrates of the Pneumococcus
Serum and salivary inflammatory biomarkers in juvenile idiopathic arthritis—an explorative cross-sectional study
Abstract Background Biomarkers may be useful in monitoring disease activity in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). With new treatment options and treatment goals in JIA, there is an urgent need for more sensitive and responsive biomarkers. Objective We aimed to investigate the patterns of 92 inflammation-related biomarkers in serum and saliva in a group of Norwegian children and adolescents with JIA and controls and in active and inactive JIA. In addition, we explored whether treatment with tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi) affected the biomarker levels. Methods This explorative, cross-sectional study comprised a subset of children and adolescents with non-systemic JIA and matched controls from the Norwegian juvenile idiopathic arthritis study (NorJIA Study). The JIA group included individuals with clinically active or inactive JIA. Serum and unstimulated saliva were analyzed using a multiplex assay of 92 inflammation-related biomarkers. Welch’s t-test and Mann–Whitney U-test were used to analyze the differences in biomarker levels between JIA and controls and between active and inactive disease. Results We included 42 participants with JIA and 30 controls, predominantly females, with a median age of 14 years. Of the 92 biomarkers, 87 were detected in serum, 73 in saliva, and 71 in both biofluids. A pronounced difference between serum and salivary biomarker patterns was found. Most biomarkers had higher levels in serum and lower levels in saliva in JIA versus controls, and in active versus inactive disease. In serum, TNF and S100A12 levels were notably higher in JIA and active disease. The TNF increase was less pronounced when excluding TNFi-treated individuals. In saliva, several biomarkers from the chemokine family were distinctly lower in the JIA group, and levels were even lower in active disease. Conclusion In this explorative study, the serum and salivary biomarker patterns differed markedly, suggesting that saliva may not be a suitable substitute for serum when assessing systemic inflammation in JIA. Increased TNF levels in serum may not be a reliable biomarker for inflammatory activity in TNFi-treated children and adolescents with JIA. The lower levels of chemokines in saliva in JIA compared to controls and in active compared to inactive disease, warrant further investigation
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