In-depth characterization of the volatile aroma profile and other characteristics of white wine produced by sequential inoculation with a Lachancea thermotolerans starter yeast strain

The yeast Lachancea thermotolerans has the ability to produce notable amounts of lactic acid and reduce alcoholic strength in fermentation, so it has a considerable potential for mitigating negative impacts of climate changes in winemaking. In this study, a treatment with L. thermotolerans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in sequential inoculation was compared to a control S. cerevisiae monoculture fermentation of Malvazija istarska (aka Malvasia Istriana) white grape must. Standard physico-chemical parameters of the obtained wines were determined by the OIV methods. Targeted (GC/FID and GC/MS) and untargeted (GC×GC/TOF-MS) gas chromatographic techniques were combined for the analysis of volatile compounds. Phenolic compounds were analyzed by UPLC/QqQ-MS/MS, and proteins by RP-HPLC-DAD, while a sensory analysis of wines was performed by a panel of trained and certified tasters. L. thermotolerans co-fermentation treatment increased the concentration of lactic acid and decreased alcoholic strength. L. thermotolerans increased the concentrations of geraniol, β-ionone, isobutanol, isobutyric acid, ethyl isobutyrate, several major acetates, ethyl lactate, and diethyl succinate, followed by many minor compounds. This wine also contained more hydroxycinnamoyl tartrates, while control S. cerevisiae wine had higher levels of free hydroxycinnamates. The effects on PR proteins were minor. L. thermotolerans co-fermentation slightly enhanced the sensory perception of tropical fruit, herbaceous, tobacco, and buttery odor notes, as well as fullness of body. With the largest number of identified volatile compounds up to date and other results obtained, this study contributes to the better understanding of oenological and especially aromatic potential of L. thermotolerans in white wine productio

Variability of 4‑Monomethylsterols and 4,4′-Dimethylsterols in Olive Oil and Their Use as Indicators of Olive Variety, Ripening Degree, and Oil Storage Temperature

To investigate the variability of 4-monomethylsterols and 4,4′-dimethylsterols in olive oil as a result of variety, ripening, and storage temperature, 36 samples were subjected to gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and with mass spectrometric detection (GC-MS), and results were processed by univariate and multivariate statistics. Relative amounts (percent) of β-amyrin, cycloartenol, and 24-methylenecycloartanol accounted for the most variation due to variety, while citrostadienol (percent) and 24-methylenecycloartanol (milligrams per 100 g) were strongly affected by ripening. Multivariate statistics differentiated olive oils regardless of storage conditions, which implied the possibility to use 4-monomethyl- and 4,4′-dimethylsterols as indicators of variety and ripening degree for fresh and stored oils. Absolute changes in 4-monomethyl- and 4,4′-dimethylsterols after storage were of a much smaller magnitude, meaning the investigated olive oils essentially retained health-beneficial features that derive from these compounds. Relative changes caused by storage were specific for each storage temperature and were useful in discriminating oils by linear discriminant analysis

Complexity of the effects of pre-fermentation oxygenation, skin contact and use of pectolytic enzymes in white winemaking as revealed by comprehensive proteomics and volatilomics analysis

Ion exchange chromatography and SDS-PAGE followed by identification by MALDI-TOF/TOF, and two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOF-MS) were used for comprehensive proteomics and volatilomics evaluation of the effects of pre-fermentative oxygenation, skin contact and use of pectolytic enzymes in production of Malvazija istarska white wine, respectively. Many protein species and an unprecedented number of volatiles have been identified and (semi)quantified, revealing high complexity of the observed effects. Compared to a standard control wine, oxygenation treatment modulated the protein composition and resulted with a volatilome characterized by decreased levels of several important volatiles. Skin contact treatments, especially in combination with pectolytic enzymes, significantly increased the levels of a large number of proteins, but were also deprived of particular protein species found in other wines. Wines obtained by skin contact with exogenous enzymes exhibited the most complex volatile composition with increased levels of many key monoterpenoids, alcohols and esters