Epigenetic and molecular mechanisms of tumorigenesis caused by tobacco smoke

U ovome radu opisani su osnovni procesi nastanka i razvoja tumora te njihovi mehanizmi. Svi opisani procesi su povezani sa duhanskim dimom kao karcinogenom. Iako komponenata duhanskoga dima sa karcinogenim potencijalom ima mnogo (preko 62), većina istraživanja je usmjerena na tri komponente: nikotin, 4-(metilnitrozamino)-1-(3-piridil)-1- butanon (NNK) i policiklički aromatski ugljikovodici (PAH). Nikotin i NNK su specifični za duhanski dim dok su PAH-ovi spojevi koji se mogu naći i u okolišu, a nastaju industrijskim zagađenjem. U radu su opisani genotoksični mehanizmi, ali i vrlo važni ne-genotoksični odnosno epigenetički mehanizmi tumorigeneze. Najčešće epigenetičke promjene odnose se na promjene u metilaciji DNA, modifikacije histona i nekodirajućih RNA molekula, a služe u regulaciji važnih staničnih funkcija Takve modifikacije vode do promjena u ekspresiji proteina bitnih za normalni stanični ciklus. Mehanizmi koji uzrokuju promociju i progresiju tumora su kompleksni i uključuju mnoge molekularne mete kao što su: receptori, regulatori staničnog ciklusa, MAP kinaze, medijatori apoptoze, faktori angiogeneze te medijatori invazije i metastaziranje. Među receptorima, nAChR, β-AR i AhR su najznačajniji posrednici u tumorigenezi uzrokovanoj duhanskim dimom. Pojačana ekspresija ili aktivacija ovih receptora može rezultirati oslobađanjem neurotransmitera i faktora rasta koji sudjeluju u inhibiciji apoptoze, staničnoj proliferaciji, angiogenezi te invaziji i metastaziranju tumorskih stanica. Signalni putovi PI3K/AKT, Stat3, ERK1/2 imaju važnu ulogu u procesima tumorigeneze. To su također zajednički putovi na koje djeluju komponente duhanskog dima (nikotin, NNK i PAH). Signalni putovi poput PKC, AKT, ERK i COX-2 uključeni su u promocijski i progresijski korak tumorigeneze uzrokovane duhanskim dimom. Pretpostavlja se da bi se ove molekule mogle iskoristiti kao potencijalne mete za budući razvoj terapija i lijekova protiv tumora.This paper described the basic processes responsible for the emergence and development of tumors (tumorigenesis) and their mechanisms. All the described processes were associated with tobacco smoke as the carcinogen. There are many (over 62) components of tobacco smoke with carcinogenic potential; however, most research has focused on three components: nicotine, 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Nicotine and NNK are specific to tobacco smoke while the PAH compounds are found in the environment as a result of industrial pollution. In this paper genotoxic mechanisms were described, but the focus was placed on the the very important non-genotoxic i.e. epigenetic mechanisms of tumorigenesis. The most common epigenetic changes are related to the changes in DNA methylation, histone modifications, and noncoding RNA molecule, which serve to regulate important cellular functions. These modifications lead to changes in the expression of proteins essential for normal cell cycle. Mechanisms that cause tumor promotion and progression are complex and involve many molecular targets, such as receptors, cell cycle regulators, mitogen-activated protein kinases, apoptosis mediators, angiogenic factors, and invasion and metastasis mediators. Among the receptors, nAChR, β-AR, and AhR have the closest association with cigarette smoke-induced carcinogenesis. Over expression or activation of these receptors may result in a release of neurotransmitters and growth factors that participate in apoptosis inhibition, cell proliferation, angiogenesis, cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Signaling pathways PI3K/AKT, Stat3, and ERK1/2 play an important role in the carcinogenetic processes. They are also common paths affected by cigarette smoke components, including nicotine, NNK, and PAHs. In addition, PKC, AKT, ERK, and COX-2 signaling pathways are involved in both promotion and progression stages of tumorigenesis caused by cigarette smoke. It is assumed that these molecules could be used as potential targets for future development of therapies and medicines against tumors

Primjena genetskih algoritama u generiranju računalnog koda

U ovom radu prezentirana je primjena genetskog programiranja, tehnike koja koristi genetski algoritam za generiranje računalnog koda. Definirani su osnovni pojmovi i principi te je dana implementacija u programskom jeziku Haskell. Demonstriran je način na koji se postiže specijacija, odnosno stvaranje novih vrsta, tako da se konstruira stablo u kojem svaki čvor predstavlja novu vrstu koja je evoluirana odvojeno od ostalih. Zatim se te nezavisne vrste križaju pa njihov produkt nastavlja evoluirati. Takva strategija je podložna paralelizaciji te je opisana distribuirana implementacija koja se može izvršavati na više računala koristeći RabbitMQ[4] tehnologiju. Definiran je jezik regularnih izraza kojima se opisuju uzorci u tekstu. Dana je njihova implementacija u Haskellu te je opisano kako se na sintaksnim stablima regularnih izraza provode križanja i mutiranje. Zatim je postavljen problem prepoznavanja pripada li neka riječ engleskom ili njemačkom jeziku. Na osnovu 300 primjera jednog i drugog jezika genetski algoritam evoluira izraz koji prihvaća najveći broj engleskih riječi i što manji broj njemačkih. Konačni produkt postiže 75% točnost na primjerima za trening i 71% točnost na sveukupnom korpusu od 400000 riječi[1][3]. Korisnost tako generiranog izraza demonstrirana je na prepoznavanju jezika u cijelim rečenicama gdje je postignuta približno 85% točnost, te na prepoznavanju izmišljenih riječi.In this work we presented an application of genetic programming, a technique which uses genetics algorithms to generate computer code. We defined basic terms and principles and provided an implementation in the programming language Haskell. We demonstrated a way to achieve speciation, the creation of new species, by constructing a tree in which each node represents a new species evolved separate form others. Then those independent species are crossed and their product continues evolving. This strategy allows for paralelization so we describe a distributed implementation which can be ran on multiple computers via the RabbitMQ[4] technology. We define the language of regular expressions which are used to describe patterns in text. An implementation is given in Haskell and it is described how crossing and mutation is done on regular expression syntax trees. Then we pose the problem of classifying words as either English or German. Given 300 examples of each language the algorithm evolves an expression that accepts as many English words as possible while rejecting as many German. The final product achieves the accuracy of 75% on the training sample and 71% on the whole corpus of 400000 words [1][3]. The utility of such an expression is demonstrated in recognizing the language of whole sentences where we achieve approximately 85% accuracy, and on recognizing made-up words

Effect of Notch and PARP Pathways’ Inhibition in Leukemic Cells

Differentiation of blood cells is one of the most complex processes in the body. It is regulated by the action of transcription factors in time and space which creates a specific signaling network. In the hematopoietic signaling system, Notch is one of the main regulators of lymphocyte development. The aim of this study was to get insight into the regulation of Notch signalization and the influence of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP) activity on this process in three leukemia cell lines obtained from B and T cells. PARP1 is an enzyme involved in posttranslational protein modification and chromatin structure changes. B and T leukemia cells were treated with Notch and PARP inhibitors, alone or in combination, for a prolonged period. The cells did not show cell proliferation arrest or apoptosis. Analysis of gene and protein expression set involved in Notch and PARP pathways revealed increase in JAGGED1 expression after PARP1 inhibition in B cell lines and changes in Ikaros family members in both B and T cell lines after γ-secretase inhibition. These data indicate that Notch and PARP inhibition, although not inducing differentiation in leukemia cells, induce changes in signaling circuits and chromatin modelling factors

Primjena genetskih algoritama u generiranju računalnog koda

U ovom radu prezentirana je primjena genetskog programiranja, tehnike koja koristi genetski algoritam za generiranje računalnog koda. Definirani su osnovni pojmovi i principi te je dana implementacija u programskom jeziku Haskell. Demonstriran je način na koji se postiže specijacija, odnosno stvaranje novih vrsta, tako da se konstruira stablo u kojem svaki čvor predstavlja novu vrstu koja je evoluirana odvojeno od ostalih. Zatim se te nezavisne vrste križaju pa njihov produkt nastavlja evoluirati. Takva strategija je podložna paralelizaciji te je opisana distribuirana implementacija koja se može izvršavati na više računala koristeći RabbitMQ[4] tehnologiju. Definiran je jezik regularnih izraza kojima se opisuju uzorci u tekstu. Dana je njihova implementacija u Haskellu te je opisano kako se na sintaksnim stablima regularnih izraza provode križanja i mutiranje. Zatim je postavljen problem prepoznavanja pripada li neka riječ engleskom ili njemačkom jeziku. Na osnovu 300 primjera jednog i drugog jezika genetski algoritam evoluira izraz koji prihvaća najveći broj engleskih riječi i što manji broj njemačkih. Konačni produkt postiže 75% točnost na primjerima za trening i 71% točnost na sveukupnom korpusu od 400000 riječi[1][3]. Korisnost tako generiranog izraza demonstrirana je na prepoznavanju jezika u cijelim rečenicama gdje je postignuta približno 85% točnost, te na prepoznavanju izmišljenih riječi.In this work we presented an application of genetic programming, a technique which uses genetics algorithms to generate computer code. We defined basic terms and principles and provided an implementation in the programming language Haskell. We demonstrated a way to achieve speciation, the creation of new species, by constructing a tree in which each node represents a new species evolved separate form others. Then those independent species are crossed and their product continues evolving. This strategy allows for paralelization so we describe a distributed implementation which can be ran on multiple computers via the RabbitMQ[4] technology. We define the language of regular expressions which are used to describe patterns in text. An implementation is given in Haskell and it is described how crossing and mutation is done on regular expression syntax trees. Then we pose the problem of classifying words as either English or German. Given 300 examples of each language the algorithm evolves an expression that accepts as many English words as possible while rejecting as many German. The final product achieves the accuracy of 75% on the training sample and 71% on the whole corpus of 400000 words [1][3]. The utility of such an expression is demonstrated in recognizing the language of whole sentences where we achieve approximately 85% accuracy, and on recognizing made-up words

Epigenetic and molecular mechanisms of tumorigenesis caused by tobacco smoke

U ovome radu opisani su osnovni procesi nastanka i razvoja tumora te njihovi mehanizmi. Svi opisani procesi su povezani sa duhanskim dimom kao karcinogenom. Iako komponenata duhanskoga dima sa karcinogenim potencijalom ima mnogo (preko 62), većina istraživanja je usmjerena na tri komponente: nikotin, 4-(metilnitrozamino)-1-(3-piridil)-1- butanon (NNK) i policiklički aromatski ugljikovodici (PAH). Nikotin i NNK su specifični za duhanski dim dok su PAH-ovi spojevi koji se mogu naći i u okolišu, a nastaju industrijskim zagađenjem. U radu su opisani genotoksični mehanizmi, ali i vrlo važni ne-genotoksični odnosno epigenetički mehanizmi tumorigeneze. Najčešće epigenetičke promjene odnose se na promjene u metilaciji DNA, modifikacije histona i nekodirajućih RNA molekula, a služe u regulaciji važnih staničnih funkcija Takve modifikacije vode do promjena u ekspresiji proteina bitnih za normalni stanični ciklus. Mehanizmi koji uzrokuju promociju i progresiju tumora su kompleksni i uključuju mnoge molekularne mete kao što su: receptori, regulatori staničnog ciklusa, MAP kinaze, medijatori apoptoze, faktori angiogeneze te medijatori invazije i metastaziranje. Među receptorima, nAChR, β-AR i AhR su najznačajniji posrednici u tumorigenezi uzrokovanoj duhanskim dimom. Pojačana ekspresija ili aktivacija ovih receptora može rezultirati oslobađanjem neurotransmitera i faktora rasta koji sudjeluju u inhibiciji apoptoze, staničnoj proliferaciji, angiogenezi te invaziji i metastaziranju tumorskih stanica. Signalni putovi PI3K/AKT, Stat3, ERK1/2 imaju važnu ulogu u procesima tumorigeneze. To su također zajednički putovi na koje djeluju komponente duhanskog dima (nikotin, NNK i PAH). Signalni putovi poput PKC, AKT, ERK i COX-2 uključeni su u promocijski i progresijski korak tumorigeneze uzrokovane duhanskim dimom. Pretpostavlja se da bi se ove molekule mogle iskoristiti kao potencijalne mete za budući razvoj terapija i lijekova protiv tumora.This paper described the basic processes responsible for the emergence and development of tumors (tumorigenesis) and their mechanisms. All the described processes were associated with tobacco smoke as the carcinogen. There are many (over 62) components of tobacco smoke with carcinogenic potential; however, most research has focused on three components: nicotine, 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Nicotine and NNK are specific to tobacco smoke while the PAH compounds are found in the environment as a result of industrial pollution. In this paper genotoxic mechanisms were described, but the focus was placed on the the very important non-genotoxic i.e. epigenetic mechanisms of tumorigenesis. The most common epigenetic changes are related to the changes in DNA methylation, histone modifications, and noncoding RNA molecule, which serve to regulate important cellular functions. These modifications lead to changes in the expression of proteins essential for normal cell cycle. Mechanisms that cause tumor promotion and progression are complex and involve many molecular targets, such as receptors, cell cycle regulators, mitogen-activated protein kinases, apoptosis mediators, angiogenic factors, and invasion and metastasis mediators. Among the receptors, nAChR, β-AR, and AhR have the closest association with cigarette smoke-induced carcinogenesis. Over expression or activation of these receptors may result in a release of neurotransmitters and growth factors that participate in apoptosis inhibition, cell proliferation, angiogenesis, cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Signaling pathways PI3K/AKT, Stat3, and ERK1/2 play an important role in the carcinogenetic processes. They are also common paths affected by cigarette smoke components, including nicotine, NNK, and PAHs. In addition, PKC, AKT, ERK, and COX-2 signaling pathways are involved in both promotion and progression stages of tumorigenesis caused by cigarette smoke. It is assumed that these molecules could be used as potential targets for future development of therapies and medicines against tumors

PHYSIOLOGICAL LOAD IN TAEKWONDO FIGHTING

U ovom istraživanju promatralo se fiziološko opterećenje u taekwondo borbi na uzorku od 12 taekwondoaša od čega 6 muškaraca (dob 22,50 ± 3,73, visina 186,00 ± 8,67, težina 80,17 ± 12,83) i 6 žena (dob 21,33 ± 3,01, visina 169,50 ± 5,43, težina 57,17 ± 7,41). Mjerena je frekvencija srca ispitanika tijekom cijele borbe te koncentracija mliječne kiseline u krvi nakon svake runde borbe. Cilj istraživanja bilo je istražiti postoji li statistički značajna razlika između rundi borbe u fiziološkim parametrima opterećenja za vrijeme taekwondo borbe te postoji li značajna razlika u fiziološkim parametrima opterećenja između muškaraca i žena. Istraživanje je dokazalo da postoji statistički značajna razlika između rundi u fiziološkim parametrima opterećenja te da nema statistički značajne razlike (p < 0,05) između muškaraca i žena u fiziološkim parametrima opterećenja. Usporedbom svih varijabli frekvencije srca među rundama p vrijednost iznosila je od 0,00 do 0,04, a razlike između rundi u koncentracija mliječne kiseline iznose 0,00 između prve i druge runde te prve i treće runde, a razlika između druge i treće runde iznosi 0,23. P vrijednost između muškaraca i žena za varijable frekvencije srca iznosila je od 0,59 do 1,00, a kod varijabli koncentracije mliječne kiseline iznosila je od 0,18 do 0,31. S ovakvim rezultatima istraživanja potvrđene su hipoteze postavljene prije istraživanja. Ovo istraživanje utvrdilo je da se kroz cijelu taekwondo borbu statistički značajno povećava fiziološko opterećenje (frekvencija srca i koncentracija mliječne kiseline), ali da ne postoji statistički značajna razlika između muškaraca i žena. S praktičnog stajališta istraživanje može pomoći trenerima i sportašima u modeliranju treninga za razvoj funkcionalnih sposobnosti. Tehničko-taktički treninzi se mogu i trebaju razlikovati kako bi najviše odgovarali individualnim karakteristikama samih sportaša ovisno o kategoriji i spolu.Physiological load in taekwondo was observed in this study on a sample of 12 taekwondo fighter of which 6 were males (age 22.50 ± 3.73, height 186.00 ± 8.67, weight 80.17 ± 12.83) and 6 females (age 21.33 ± 3.01, height 169.50 ± 5.43, weight 57.17 ± 7.41). The heart rate of the subjects during the fight and the amount of lactic acid in the blood after each round of the fight were measured. The aim of the study was to investigate whether there was a statistically significant difference between match rounds in physiological load parameters during taekwondo match and whether there was a statistically significant difference in physiological load between men and women.The study proved that there is a statistically significant difference between the rounds in the physiological load parameters and that there is no statistically significant difference (p < 0,05) between men and women in the physiological load parameters. Comparing all heart rate variables between rounds the value ranged from 0.00 to 0.04 and the difference between rounds in lactic acid concentration was 0.00 between the first and second round and the first and third round, difference between the second round and the third round was 0,23. P value for men and women heart rate variable range from 0.59 to 1.00 and for the lactic acid concentration variable it range from 0.18 to 0.31. With this kind of research results the hypotheses were confirmed. This study found that during the whole taekwondo fight there was a statistically significant increase in physiological load (heart rate and lactic acid content), but that there was no statistically significant difference between men and women. From a practical standpoint, this results can assist coaches and athletes in modeling training to develop functional abilities. Technical and tactical training can and should be differentiated to best suit the individual characteristics of the athletes themselves depending on the category and gender

Primjena genetskih algoritama u generiranju računalnog koda

U ovom radu prezentirana je primjena genetskog programiranja, tehnike koja koristi genetski algoritam za generiranje računalnog koda. Definirani su osnovni pojmovi i principi te je dana implementacija u programskom jeziku Haskell. Demonstriran je način na koji se postiže specijacija, odnosno stvaranje novih vrsta, tako da se konstruira stablo u kojem svaki čvor predstavlja novu vrstu koja je evoluirana odvojeno od ostalih. Zatim se te nezavisne vrste križaju pa njihov produkt nastavlja evoluirati. Takva strategija je podložna paralelizaciji te je opisana distribuirana implementacija koja se može izvršavati na više računala koristeći RabbitMQ[4] tehnologiju. Definiran je jezik regularnih izraza kojima se opisuju uzorci u tekstu. Dana je njihova implementacija u Haskellu te je opisano kako se na sintaksnim stablima regularnih izraza provode križanja i mutiranje. Zatim je postavljen problem prepoznavanja pripada li neka riječ engleskom ili njemačkom jeziku. Na osnovu 300 primjera jednog i drugog jezika genetski algoritam evoluira izraz koji prihvaća najveći broj engleskih riječi i što manji broj njemačkih. Konačni produkt postiže 75% točnost na primjerima za trening i 71% točnost na sveukupnom korpusu od 400000 riječi[1][3]. Korisnost tako generiranog izraza demonstrirana je na prepoznavanju jezika u cijelim rečenicama gdje je postignuta približno 85% točnost, te na prepoznavanju izmišljenih riječi.In this work we presented an application of genetic programming, a technique which uses genetics algorithms to generate computer code. We defined basic terms and principles and provided an implementation in the programming language Haskell. We demonstrated a way to achieve speciation, the creation of new species, by constructing a tree in which each node represents a new species evolved separate form others. Then those independent species are crossed and their product continues evolving. This strategy allows for paralelization so we describe a distributed implementation which can be ran on multiple computers via the RabbitMQ[4] technology. We define the language of regular expressions which are used to describe patterns in text. An implementation is given in Haskell and it is described how crossing and mutation is done on regular expression syntax trees. Then we pose the problem of classifying words as either English or German. Given 300 examples of each language the algorithm evolves an expression that accepts as many English words as possible while rejecting as many German. The final product achieves the accuracy of 75% on the training sample and 71% on the whole corpus of 400000 words [1][3]. The utility of such an expression is demonstrated in recognizing the language of whole sentences where we achieve approximately 85% accuracy, and on recognizing made-up words

Epigenetic and molecular mechanisms of tumorigenesis caused by tobacco smoke

U ovome radu opisani su osnovni procesi nastanka i razvoja tumora te njihovi mehanizmi. Svi opisani procesi su povezani sa duhanskim dimom kao karcinogenom. Iako komponenata duhanskoga dima sa karcinogenim potencijalom ima mnogo (preko 62), većina istraživanja je usmjerena na tri komponente: nikotin, 4-(metilnitrozamino)-1-(3-piridil)-1- butanon (NNK) i policiklički aromatski ugljikovodici (PAH). Nikotin i NNK su specifični za duhanski dim dok su PAH-ovi spojevi koji se mogu naći i u okolišu, a nastaju industrijskim zagađenjem. U radu su opisani genotoksični mehanizmi, ali i vrlo važni ne-genotoksični odnosno epigenetički mehanizmi tumorigeneze. Najčešće epigenetičke promjene odnose se na promjene u metilaciji DNA, modifikacije histona i nekodirajućih RNA molekula, a služe u regulaciji važnih staničnih funkcija Takve modifikacije vode do promjena u ekspresiji proteina bitnih za normalni stanični ciklus. Mehanizmi koji uzrokuju promociju i progresiju tumora su kompleksni i uključuju mnoge molekularne mete kao što su: receptori, regulatori staničnog ciklusa, MAP kinaze, medijatori apoptoze, faktori angiogeneze te medijatori invazije i metastaziranje. Među receptorima, nAChR, β-AR i AhR su najznačajniji posrednici u tumorigenezi uzrokovanoj duhanskim dimom. Pojačana ekspresija ili aktivacija ovih receptora može rezultirati oslobađanjem neurotransmitera i faktora rasta koji sudjeluju u inhibiciji apoptoze, staničnoj proliferaciji, angiogenezi te invaziji i metastaziranju tumorskih stanica. Signalni putovi PI3K/AKT, Stat3, ERK1/2 imaju važnu ulogu u procesima tumorigeneze. To su također zajednički putovi na koje djeluju komponente duhanskog dima (nikotin, NNK i PAH). Signalni putovi poput PKC, AKT, ERK i COX-2 uključeni su u promocijski i progresijski korak tumorigeneze uzrokovane duhanskim dimom. Pretpostavlja se da bi se ove molekule mogle iskoristiti kao potencijalne mete za budući razvoj terapija i lijekova protiv tumora.This paper described the basic processes responsible for the emergence and development of tumors (tumorigenesis) and their mechanisms. All the described processes were associated with tobacco smoke as the carcinogen. There are many (over 62) components of tobacco smoke with carcinogenic potential; however, most research has focused on three components: nicotine, 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Nicotine and NNK are specific to tobacco smoke while the PAH compounds are found in the environment as a result of industrial pollution. In this paper genotoxic mechanisms were described, but the focus was placed on the the very important non-genotoxic i.e. epigenetic mechanisms of tumorigenesis. The most common epigenetic changes are related to the changes in DNA methylation, histone modifications, and noncoding RNA molecule, which serve to regulate important cellular functions. These modifications lead to changes in the expression of proteins essential for normal cell cycle. Mechanisms that cause tumor promotion and progression are complex and involve many molecular targets, such as receptors, cell cycle regulators, mitogen-activated protein kinases, apoptosis mediators, angiogenic factors, and invasion and metastasis mediators. Among the receptors, nAChR, β-AR, and AhR have the closest association with cigarette smoke-induced carcinogenesis. Over expression or activation of these receptors may result in a release of neurotransmitters and growth factors that participate in apoptosis inhibition, cell proliferation, angiogenesis, cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Signaling pathways PI3K/AKT, Stat3, and ERK1/2 play an important role in the carcinogenetic processes. They are also common paths affected by cigarette smoke components, including nicotine, NNK, and PAHs. In addition, PKC, AKT, ERK, and COX-2 signaling pathways are involved in both promotion and progression stages of tumorigenesis caused by cigarette smoke. It is assumed that these molecules could be used as potential targets for future development of therapies and medicines against tumors

Impact of Conservation Tillage on Grain Yield and Yield Components of Maize in North-West Croatia

Finding optimal tillage system in ever-changing agroecosystem with quality and stable grain yield is challenging but essential to the farmer. At the Experiment Station Šašinovec (NW Croatia), the trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of different tillage systems and straw on yield and its components of maize (Zea mays L.) on silty clay loam soil (Fluvisol). The tillage systems compared were conventional tillage, minimal tillage and reduced tillage. Under each treatment, there were subplots with and without straw. Tillage systems had significant (P < 0.05) effects on 1000-seed weight, protein, harvest index and yield. The use of cover was significant only on yield, while the interaction of factors (tillage x cover) significantly affected all yield components. In our short-term experiment, deeper soil tillage provided significantly higher values on some yield components (harvest index and protein content) than conventional tillage, thus showing our farmers possible sustainable solutions for their production under agroecological conditions of the north-west of Croatia

Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Macroscopic Effect on Haematoma and Swelling in Spinal Cord Injured Rats

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 effect on counteracting haematoma and swelling caused by spinal cord injury