Comments On “the Organization Of Pharmaceutical Services By ‘health Region’ In Brazil’s Unified Health System”

This study aimed to describe and characterize the pharmaceutical services provided in Brazil’s Unified Health System (SUS) from the point of view of the healthcare networks that are organized by region in the QualiSUS-Rede Project. This was a cross-sectional study, with data collected from December 2013 to July 2015, in public health establishments that carried out delivery or warehousing of medications (n = 4,938), in 465 municipalites, and the Federal District, in 43‘Health Regions’. The results show the existence of at least one management service supporting the health network, and warehousing of medications in all the regions (> 90%). It also showed the availability of at least one healthcare service, in healthcare locations, by pharmaceutical professionals is irregular between the Regions, being highest in the Southeastern Region (74.3%), and lowest in the Northeastern Region (43.3%). The results underpine the need for effective structuring of pharmaceutical assistance in the SUS networks, overcoming the current restrictive vision of its activities, which gives value almost exclusively to the logistical component of support to the network, to the detriment of the clinical component. It is also important to expand, and improve the quality of, the population’s access to medical drugs, and improve the quality of the healthcare offered to users of the system. © 2017, Associacao Brasileira de Pos - Graduacao em Saude Coletiva. All rights reserved.2241181119

Systematics of the butterfly genus Cissia Doubleday, 1848 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae : Satyrinae) using an integrative approach

The genus Cissia Doubleday, 1848 is revised and its monophyly is tested using Maximum Likelihood analysis based on three genes (COI, GAPDH and RpS5). A new taxonomic arrangement is proposed based on molecular and morphological evidence, and Cissia now comprises six species, C. penelope (Fabricius, 1775), C. pompilia (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867), C. proba (Weymer, 1911), C. eous (Butler, 1867) comb.n., C. phronius (Godart, [1824]) comb.n. and C. rubricata (W.H. Edwards, 1871) comb.n., distributed from the Southern US to Argentina. The remaining species previously treated in Cissia are here cited as "Cissia" until they can be removed to undescribed genera in upcoming papers. Euptychia moneta Weymer, 1911, E. austera Butler, 1867 and Paryphthimoides kiliani Anken, 1999 are new synonyms of Cissia penelope, C. pompilia and C. eous, respectively. Neotypes of Euptychia moneta, Satyrus phronius and Neonympha rubricata are designated, as well as the lectotypes of Neonympha pompilia, N. thelete Snellen, 1887, Euptychia usitata Butler, 1867, E. pieria Butler, 1867, E. erigone f. proba Weymer, 1911 and E. eous. The results confirm that is possible to distinguish most of the species of Cissia based on both morphological and molecular data, althougth C. rubricata shows some differences in the male genitalia compared to its sibling species762349376CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESP140225/2013-7; 304639/2014-10; 308247/2013-2; 303834/2015-3; 563332/2010-799999.002879/2014-00; 2017/02264-6; 2016/15873-8DEB1256742; 2011/50225-3, 2012/50260-6; 2013/50297-0The authors would like to express their gratitude to Wolfram Mey (ZMHU), Tomasz Pyrcz (MZUJ), Jane Costa and Aline Vieira (IOC) for providing access to the specimens deposited in the collections under their care; to Ole Karsholt for sharing with us the photos of the neotype of Papilio clarissa deposited at ZMUC; to Alex Hausmann and Ulf Buchsbaum for the valuable information on the types of G. Weymer deposited at ZSM and for sharing photos of those types; to Marianne Elias and Rodolphe Rougerie for their valuable information on the types of J.B. Godart deposited at MNHN; to Mohamed Benmesbah and Andrew Neild for the records, data and discussions on the geographical distribution of the species of Cissia from French Guyana and Venezuela, respectively; to John Kochalka, Carlos Aguilar-Julio and Mohamed Benmesbah for the data of Cissia eous collected in Paraguay; to Gerardo Lamas for valuable help with the bibliography and photos of Cissia deposited at UNMSM. Vladimir Blagoderov (NHMUK) assisted in the use of the automontage equipment at the Sackler Biodiversity Imaging Laboratory, and Franciele L. Bettim helped at TaxonLine-UFPR. We thank the Trustees of the Natural History Museum and Sophie Ledger for assisting with obtaining photos of type specimens. The Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Brazil, granted a fellowship to TZ (140225/2013-7), OHHM (304639/2014-10), MMC (308247/2013-2) and AVLF (grants 303834/2015-3 and SIBIOTA-CNPq 563332/2010-7). TZ thanks the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) for the PDSE scholarship (99999.002879/2014-00). TZ (2017/02264-6) and EPB (2016/15873-8) thanks FAPESP for post-doc fellowships. We acknowledge support from the National Science Foundation (DEB1256742), and AVLF acknowledges the ICMBIO for providing a research permit (SISBIO n° 10802-5), the FAPESP (Biota-Fapesp grants 2011/50225-3, 2012/50260-6 and 2013/50297-0), and USAID and the U.S. National Academy of Sciences (NAS) under the PEER program (Mapping and Conserving Butterfly Biodiversity in the Brazilian Amazon – PEER Cycle 4-478

Natural products inhibitors of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE): a review between 1980 - 2000

Inhibition of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) is a modern therapeutic target in the treatment of hypertension. Within the enzyme cascade of the renin-angiotensin system, ACE removes histidyl-leucine from angiotensin I to form the physiologically active octapeptide angiotensin II, one of the most potent known vasoconstrictors. Therefore, a rationale for treating hypertension would be to administer drugs or natural compounds which selectively inhibit ACE. The present work constitutes a review of the literature of plants and chemically defined molecules from natural sources with in vitro anti-hypertensive potential based on the inhibition of ACE. The review refers to 321 plants, the parts utilized, type of extract and whether they are active or not. It includes also the names of 158 compounds isolated from higher plants, marine sponges and algae, fungi and snake venom. Some aspects of recent research with natural products directed to produce anti-hypertensive drugs are discussed. In this review, 148 references were cited

A double-edged sword : Unrecognized cryptic diversity and taxonomic impediment in Eois (Lepidoptera, Geometridae)

The genus Eois Hübner (Geometridae: Larentiinae) comprises 254 valid species. Being a hyperdiverse genus, Eois potentially includes many undescribed cryptic species and embodies a problematic taxonomic scenario. The actual diversity of Eois is greatly underestimated and the Neotropical fauna needs to be well known since it figures as one of the most threatened terrestrial ecosystem. In the present study, we compare three species delimitation methods to highlight the hidden diversity within a subset of Eois species: Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery, Bayesian Poisson Tree Processes and Multi-Rate Poisson Tree Processes. Our results point to an increase up to 176% in the currently valid species number. The hypothesis of cryptic diversity is corroborated by morphological characters within some species complexes. For complexes comprising species of Brazilian fauna, we provide a preliminary taxonomic assessment. Additionally, we found no congruence among the three delimitation methods for some species complexes, which indicates the importance of species and locality sampling as well as the previous alpha taxonomic knowledge in avoiding result bias. In this sense, we tried to standardize the identification provided for the Genbank sequences used in most relevant publications for Eois, in order to minimize biases and maximize the replicability of analyses in future studies. Moreover, we stress the importance of an integrative taxonomic approach for cryptic species discovery approach by employing both morphological attributes and life history to corroborate molecular analysis

Integrative data helps the assessment of a butterfly within the Udranomia kikkawai species complex (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae): immature stages, natural history, and molecular evidence

FAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULOCNPQ - CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOCAPES - COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL E NÍVEL SUPERIORThe immature stages of the skipper butterfly Udranomia kikkawai from Brazil are described, including information on host plant use in cerrado savanna, shelter building behavior, and barcode sequences. The caterpillars feed on young leaves of two host food plants, Ouratea spectabilis and Ouratea hexasperma (Ochnaceae). The duration from egg hatching to adult eclosion averaged 30 days. Immature stages of U. kikkawai morphologically resemble those of other Hesperiidae by lacking head horns and complete lack of body scoli, and having a fusiform pupa with uniform color (except for mimetic false eye spots) and no projections. The young -leaf color of Udranomia caterpillars contrasts with that observed in the sister genus Drephalys, whose larvae are conspicuously colored. The food plant of Udranomia is also very uniform: all records are Ochnaceae across the distribution range of Udranomia. Based on molecular data, Brazilian populations correspond to the true U. kikkawai, which is part of a species complex that includes at least two additional undescribed species from Costa Rica. Our paper shows that free access to exchangeable database platforms can raise natural history studies to an integrative level that helps clarify patterns of diversity within taxonomically problematic groups. (C) 2016 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.The immature stages of the skipper butterfly Udranomia kikkawai from Brazil are described, including information on host plant use in cerrado savanna, shelter building behavior, and barcode sequences. The caterpillars feed on young leaves of two host food plants, Ouratea spectabilis and Ouratea hexasperma (Ochnaceae). The duration from egg hatching to adult eclosion averaged 30 days. Immature stages of U. kikkawai morphologically resemble those of other Hesperiidae by lacking head horns and complete lack of body scoli, and having a fusiform pupa with uniform color (except for mimetic false eye spots) and no projections. The young -leaf color of Udranomia caterpillars contrasts with that observed in the sister genus Drephalys, whose larvae are conspicuously colored. The food plant of Udranomia is also very uniform: all records are Ochnaceae across the distribution range of Udranomia. Based on molecular data, Brazilian populations correspond to the true U. kikkawai, which is part of a species complex that includes at least two additional undescribed species from Costa Rica. Our paper shows that free access to exchangeable database platforms can raise natural history studies to an integrative level that helps clarify patterns of diversity within taxonomically problematic groups.266169176FAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULOCNPQ - CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOCAPES - COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL E NÍVEL SUPERIORFAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULOCNPQ - CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOCAPES - COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL E NÍVEL SUPERIOR2010/52231-8; 302585/2011-7; 306115/2013-1; 2012/23671-5; 2014/23141-1158906/2014-4; 2011/50225-3; 43055/2012-0; 301605/2013-0; 563332/2010-7sem informaçã