Tendências no desenvolvimento de gases de proteção utilizados na soldagem MIG/MAG Trends in the development of protective gases used in GMAW welding

Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar uma revisão do estado da arte sobre os gases de proteção usados nos processos de soldagem a arco elétrico, com ênfase na soldagem MIG/MAG do aço. São apresentados os principais conceitos da física do arco e as propriedades relacionadas aos gases de proteção. O modelo de atmosfera ligeiramente oxidante para os gases de proteção é discutido, sendo mostradas as formulações dos gases estudados em artigos científicos e em patentes depositadas, bem como as reivindicações (vantagens) requeridas. Também são mencionados alguns poucos estudos usando adições de gases não convencionais. Foi observado que no desenvolvimento de gases de proteção para soldagem MIG/MAG do aço predomina o modelo da formação de atmosfera ligeiramente oxidante. A maioria das formulações propostas envolve o uso de misturas binárias, ternárias e até quaternárias dos gases Ar, He, CO2 e O2. Em aplicações específicas, adições de N2 e H2 foram usadas. Neste sentido, pouca inovação foi identificada, sendo atribuídas possíveis razões a este fato. A tendência observada para o desenvolvimento de gases de proteção parece ser o uso de misturas ricas em gases inertes, com adições calibradas de elementos oxidantes, sempre atendendo a aplicações específicas.<br>This paper has as objective to present a state of the art review on the shielding gases used in the electric arc welding processes, with emphasis on GMAW welding of steel. There are shown the main concepts of arc physics and properties related to shielding gases. The model of slightly oxidizing atmosphere for shielding gases is discussed, and the formulations of the gases studied in scientific articles and in deposited patents, as well as the claims (benefits) required. It also mentions some few studies using additions of non-conventional gases. It was observed that for the development of shielding gases for the GMAW steel welding the model of slightly oxidizing atmosphere is predominant. Most of proposed formulations involve the use of binary, ternary or even quaternary mixtures of the gases Ar, He, CO2 and O2. For specific aplications, additions of N2 e H2 were used. In this meaning, few innovations were identified, and possible reasons were attributed. The trend observed for the development of shielding gases seems to be the use of mixtures rich in inert gases, with calibrated additions of oxidizing elements, always looking for specific applications

Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis

Background There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US $92 492 million using approach 1 and$73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was $95 004 million using approach 1 and$75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially

Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis

Background There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US $92 492 million using approach 1 and$73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was $95 004 million using approach 1 and$75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially