Model for End-Stage Liver Disease, Model for Liver Transplantation Survival and Donor Risk Index as predictive models of survival after liver transplantation in 1,006 patients

OBJECTIVES: Liver transplantation has not increased with the number of patients requiring this treatment, increasing deaths among those on the waiting list. Models predicting post-transplantation survival, including the Model for Liver Transplantation Survival and the Donor Risk Index, have been created. Our aim was to compare the performance of the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease, the Model for Liver Transplantation Survival and the Donor Risk Index as prognostic models for survival after liver transplantation. METHOD: We retrospectively analyzed the data from 1,270 patients who received a liver transplant from a deceased donor in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, between July 2006 and July 2009. All data obtained from the Health Department of the State of São Paulo at the 15 registered transplant centers were analyzed. Patients younger than 13 years of age or with acute liver failure were excluded. RESULTS: The majority of the recipients had Child-Pugh class B or C cirrhosis (63.5%). Among the 1,006 patients included, 274 (27%) died. Univariate survival analysis using a Cox proportional hazards model showed hazard ratios of 1.02 and 1.43 for the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease and the Model for Liver Transplantation Survival, respectively (

Tratamento da recidiva hemorrágica por varizes do esôfago em doentes esquistossomóticos operados Treatment of recurrent hemorrhage esophageal varices in schistosomotic patients after surgery

OBJETIVO: Padronizar o tratamento da recidiva hemorrágica por varizes do esôfago em esquistossomóticos, após operações não-derivativas. MÉTODOS: Tratamos 45 doentes esquistossomóticos que apresentaram recidiva hemorrágica por varizes do esôfago. Realizamos ultra-sonografia abdominal, e, estudos angiográficos constituindo-se dois grupos: Grupo A - Dezenove doentes (42,2%) com ausência do baço, artéria esplênica ocluída e artéria e veia gástricas esquerdas pérvias, caracterizando a esplenectomia na operação anterior. Grupo B - Vinte e seis doentes (57,8%) com imagem esplênica ausente, artérias esplênica e gástrica esquerda ocluídas e veia gástrica esquerda não-opacificada, evidenciando esplenectomia e alguma forma de desvascularização gastroesofágica praticadas anteriormente. Os doentes do Grupo A foram reoperados para executar a desvascularização gastroesofágica e os do Grupo B, submetidos a programa de escleroterapia endoscópica. RESULTADOS: No Grupo A, um paciente (5,3%) apresentou recidiva hemorrágica no pós-operatório tardio. Na avaliação endoscópica final, as varizes esofágicas diminuíram, em número ou calibre, em 14 doentes (73,7%), desapareceram em três (15,8%) e em dois (10,5%), permaneceram inalteradas. No Grupo B, seis pacientes (23,1%) apresentaram recidiva do sangramento, controlada em quatro deles e em dois, que persistiram com sangramento praticou-se a derivação mesentérico-cava e ambos morreram. Na última avaliação endoscópica, as varizes esofágicas desapareceram em 17 doentes (65,4%), reduziram o número ou calibre em sete (26,9%) e, em dois (7,7%), permaneceram inalteradas. CONCLUSÕES: 1) A desvacularização gastroesofágica é adequada para os doentes esplenectomizados, com a artéria e a veia gástricas esquerdas pérvias. 2) Um programa de longa duração de escleroterapia endoscópica das varizes do esôfago pode ser uma opção para os doentes esplenectomizados, com a artéria gástrica esquerda ocluída e veia gástrica esquerda não-opacificada.<br>OBJECTIVE: To standardize the treatment recurrent hemorrhage esophageal varices in schistosomotic patients after non decompressive surgery. METHODS: We treated 45 patients with schistosomotic portal hypertension who presented recurrent hemorrhage esophageal varices. Performance of abdominal ultra-sonography and arteriographic studies and two groups were defined: Group A: Nineteen patients (42,2%) with absence of spleen, occluded splenic artery and patency of left gastric artery and vein, thus characterizing splenectomy at prior operation. Group B: Twenty six patients (57,8%) with absence of spleen image, occluded splenic and left gastric artery and non-opacified left gastric vein, showing splenectomy and some type of gastroesophageal devascularization performed before. Patients of Group A were reoperated to carry out the gastroesophageal devascularization and patients of Group B were submitted to a sclerotherapy program. RESULTS: In Group A, one patient (5.3%) presented recurrent hemorrhage on the late postoperative period. The esophageal varices decreased in number or diameter in 14 patients (73.7%), disappeared in three (15.8%) and remained unchanged in two (10.5%), under final endoscopic evaluation. In Group B, six patients (23.1%) presented recurrent bleeding. In four patients the acute hemorrhagic event were controlled. Two patients who underwent mesocaval shunt owing to unsuccess of these methods died postoperatively. Esophageal varices disappeared in 17 patients (65.4%), decreased in number or diameter in seven (26.9%) and remained unchanged in two (7.7%) after the last endoscopic evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: 1) The gastroesophageal devascularization is appropriated to splenectomized patients, with patency of left gastric artery and vein. 2) A long term of esophageal varices endoscopic sclerotherapy may be an option to splenectomized patients, with occluded left gastric artery and non-opacified left gastric ven

Recidiva hemorrágica em pacientes esquistossomóticos operados

Foram estudados, no período de 1987 a 1991, trinta doentes esquistossomóticos submetidos anteriormente a operações não descompressivas para tratamento da hemorragia digestiva alta, e que apresentaram recidiva hemorrágica. Através de endoscopia digestiva alta, ultra-sonografia abdominal e estudo angiográfico, procurou-se determinar o local do novo sangramento e quais os possíveis fatores de recidiva hemorrágica presentes. Procurou-se também determinar a influência da cirurgia anterior no intervalo de tempo decorrido entre esta e o primeiro episódio de recidiva hemorrágica. Os autores concluem que as varizes esofágicas foram significativamente o local mais freqüente do sangramento nas recidivas hemorrágicas (86,7%); que a úlcera péptica gástrica (13,3%), a não desvascularização gastroesofágica (30%), a desvascularização incompleta (16,7%) ou a trombose da veia porta (26,7%) estão presentes na maioria dos casos de recidiva hemorrágica; e que a associação da desvascularização gastroesofágica à esplenectomia não alterou o intervalo médio de tempo decorrido entre a cirurgia anterior e o primeiro episódio de recidiva do sangramento

Fatores preditores de recidiva hemorrágica em cirróticos submetidos à cirurgia de Warren Predictive factors of rebleeding in cirrhotic patients submitted to the Warren's surgery

OBJETIVO: Estabelecer os fatores preditores determinados no pré-operatório envolvidos na recidiva hemorrágica dos cirróticos submetidos à cirurgia de Warren. MÉTODOS: Cinqüenta e sete cirróticos com boa reserva funcional hepática e antecedente de hemorragia digestiva alta que não responderam ao tratamento clínico-endoscópico, foram submetidos à cirurgia de Teixeira-Warren (derivação espleno-renal distal). Eles foram divididos em dois grupos: 1 = 31 (apresentaram recidiva hemorrágica no pós-operatório) e 2 = 26 (não apresentaram novo sangramento). O grupo 1 foi novamente dividido em dois grupos, segundo a época de recidiva: grupo 1.A = 12 com recidiva hemorrágica até a alta hospitalar e 1.B = 19 com recidiva hemorrágica após a alta. Onze doentes faleceram no período perioperatório e os 46 restantes foram seguidos ambulatorialmente por um período de 3,2 anos em média, sendo analisados os aspectos clínicos, laboratoriais como a dosagem de albumina e bilirrubinas séricas, ultra-sonográficos como o fluxo e calibre portais, e endoscópicos no pré e pós-operatório, bem como dados do intra-operatório como o volume de cristalóides infundido durante a cirurgia. RESULTADOS: As dosagens de albumina sérica e bilirrubinas totais foram em média de 3,33 mg% e 1,7 mg% no grupo 1, e 3,56 mg% e 1,16 mg% no grupo 2. O fluxo e o calibre portais foram em média 0,24 cm/s e 1,34 cm no grupo 1, e 0,18 cm/s e 1,21 cm no grupo 2, respectivamente. No grupo 1.A, o volume de cristalóide infundido durante a cirurgia foi em média de 3,692 ml contra 2,166 ml no grupo 1.B. CONCLUSÃO: A dosagem pré-operatória de albumina, bilirrubinas totais, valor do fluxo e calibre portais foram fatores preditores para recidiva hemorrágica em pacientes cirróticos submetidos à cirurgia de Warren. O volume de cristalóide infundido no intra-operatório foi fator preditor para ressangramento precoce.<br>BACKGROUND: Establish the predictive factors of rebleeding in cirrhotic patients submitted to the Warren's surgery. METHODS: 57 cirrhotic patients with good hepatic functional reserve and previous variceal bleeding that had not responded to clinical, endoscopic treatment were submitted to the Warren's surgery (distal splenorenal shunt). They were divided in two groups: I (31 had presented rebleeding at postoperative care) and II (26 had not presented new bleeding). Group I was again divided into 2 groups according to time of rebleeding: Group I.A (12 that presented rebleeding until hospital discharge) and Group I.B (19 that presented rebleeding after hospital discharge). We analyzed the clinical, endoscopic, laboratorial and Doppler-ultrasound information at the pre- and postoperative moments and also intrasurgery data that were compared between the established groups. RESULTS: Serum albumin and bilirubins were 3.33 mg% and 1.7 mg% in group I, 3.56 mg% and 1.16 mg% in group II. Portal flow and diameter were 0.24 cm/s and 1.34 cm in group I, and 0.18 cm/s and 1.21 cm in group II, respectively. In group I.A the volume of crystalloid given during surgery was 3.692 ml against 2.166 ml in group I.B. CONCLUSION: Albumin and total bilirubins dosages in the preoperative period, added to the value of the flow and portal diameter were predictive factors for rebleeding in cirrhotic patients submitted to the Warren's surgery. The volume of crystalloid given during the surgery was a predictive factor for early rebleeding

Model for End-Stage Liver Disease, Model for Liver Transplantation Survival and Donor Risk Index as predictive models of survival after liver transplantation in 1,006 patients

OBJECTIVES: Liver transplantation has not increased with the number of patients requiring this treatment, increasing deaths among those on the waiting list. Models predicting post-transplantation survival, including the Model for Liver Transplantation Survival and the Donor Risk Index, have been created. Our aim was to compare the performance of the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease, the Model for Liver Transplantation Survival and the Donor Risk Index as prognostic models for survival after liver transplantation. METHOD: We retrospectively analyzed the data from 1,270 patients who received a liver transplant from a deceased donor in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, between July 2006 and July 2009. All data obtained from the Health Department of the State of São Paulo at the 15 registered transplant centers were analyzed. Patients younger than 13 years of age or with acute liver failure were excluded. RESULTS: The majority of the recipients had Child-Pugh class B or C cirrhosis (63.5%). Among the 1,006 patients included, 274 (27%) died. Univariate survival analysis using a Cox proportional hazards model showed hazard ratios of 1.02 and 1.43 for the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease and the Model for Liver Transplantation Survival, respectively (p <0.001). The areas under the ROC curve for the Donor Risk Index were always less than 0.5, whereas those for the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease and the Model for Liver Transplantation Survival were significantly greater than 0.5 (p <0.001). The cutoff values for the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (≥29.5; sensitivity: 39.1%; specificity: 75.4%) and the Model for Liver Transplantation Survival (≥1.9; sensitivity 63.9%, specificity 54.5%), which were calculated using data available before liver transplantation, were good predictors of survival after liver transplantation (p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The Model for Liver Transplantation Survival displayed similar death prediction performance to that of the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease. A simpler model involving fewer variables, such as the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease, is preferred over a complex model involving more variables, such as the Model for Liver Transplantation Survival. The Donor Risk Index had no significance in post-transplantation survival in our patients