Summary information of weekly alcohol consumption across all time points.

<p>Summary information of weekly alcohol consumption across all time points.</p

Top 20 SNPs for alcohol consumption (ranked by p value) for both mothers and offspring.

<p>Top 20 SNPs for alcohol consumption (ranked by p value) for both mothers and offspring.</p

Association of <i>ADH1B</i> and <i>ADH1C</i> with alcohol consumption.

<p>OR: Odds ratio; CI: confidence intervals.</p>a<p>From a model of the mean risk difference of not drinking.</p><p>Association of <i>ADH1B</i> and <i>ADH1C</i> with alcohol consumption.</p

Confounder adjusted multivariable and instrumental variable associations of alcohol with biomarkers of liver function in those who report some alcohol consumption (i.e. those reporting no consumption have been removed from these analyses).

<p>CI: confidence interval; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; γ-GT: γ-glutamyl-transferase; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; Prothrombin: Prothrombin action.</p><p>In the multivariable analysis all results are adjusted for age, gender, smoking, physical activity, education and income.</p><p>In the instrumental variable analysis the control function method was used with <i>ADH1B</i> and <i>ADH1C</i> used jointly as categorical (indicator) instrumental variables. The first stage F-statistic for all instrumental variable analyses = 34.</p>a<p>Test of null hypothesis that there is no difference in association of alcohol with each outcome between the confounder adjusted multivariable association (row 1) and the instrumental variable association using the control function (row 2); p-value obtained from the bootstrap distribution.</p><p>Confounder adjusted multivariable and instrumental variable associations of alcohol with biomarkers of liver function in those who report some alcohol consumption (i.e. those reporting no consumption have been removed from these analyses).</p

Associations of observed confounders with <i>ADH1B</i> and <i>ADH1C</i> genotype.

<p><b>N = 58,313</b>.</p>a<p>F-statistic for continuous variables and chi-square for categorical variables testing the null hypothesis that distributions of the confounders do not differ by genotype (1 degree of freedom for <i>ADH1B</i> and 2 degrees of freedom for <i>ADH1C</i>).</p><p>MVPA = Moderate or vigorous physical activity. Kr = Danish kroner.</p><p>Associations of observed confounders with <i>ADH1B</i> and <i>ADH1C</i> genotype.</p

Confounder adjusted multivariable and instrumental variable associations of drinking versus not drinking alcohol with biomarkers for liver function.

<p>CI: confidence interval; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; γ-GT: γ-glutamyl-transferase; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; Prothrombin: Prothrombin action.</p><p>In the multivariable analysis all results are adjusted for age, gender, smoking, physical activity, education and income.</p><p>In the instrumental variable analysis the control function method was used with <i>ADH1B</i> and <i>ADH1C</i> used jointly as categorical (indicator) instrumental variables. The first stage F-statistic for all instrumental variable analyses = 21.</p>a<p>Test of null hypothesis that there is no difference in association of alcohol with each outcome between the confounder adjusted multivariable association (row 1) and the instrumental variable association using the control function (row 2); p-value obtained from the bootstrap distribution.</p><p>Confounder adjusted multivariable and instrumental variable associations of drinking versus not drinking alcohol with biomarkers for liver function.</p

Vaccine effectiveness for prevention of covid-19 related hospital admission during pregnancy in England during the alpha and delta variant dominant periods of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: population based cohort study

Objective To estimate vaccine effectiveness for preventing covid-19 related hospital admission in individuals first infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus during pregnancy compared with those of reproductive age who were not pregnant when first infected with the virus. Design Population based cohort study. Setting Office for National Statistics Public Health Data Asset linked dataset, providing national linked census and administrative data in England, 8 December 2020 to 31 August 2021. Participants 815 477 females aged 18-45 years (mean age 30.4 years) who had documented evidence of a first SARS-CoV-2 infection in the NHS Test and Trace or Hospital Episode Statistics data. Main outcome measures Hospital admission where covid-19 was recorded as the primary diagnosis. Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for calendar time of infection, sociodemographic factors, and pre-existing health conditions related to uptake of the covid-19 vaccine and risk of severe covid-19 outcomes, were used to estimate vaccine effectiveness as the complement of the hazard ratio for hospital admission for covid-19. Results Compared with pregnant individuals who were not vaccinated, the adjusted rate of hospital admission for covid-19 was 77% (95% confidence interval 70% to 82%) lower for pregnant individuals who had received one dose and 83% (76% to 89%) lower for those who had received two doses of vaccine. These estimates were similar to those found in the non-pregnant group: 79% (77% to 81%) for one dose and 83% (82% to 85%) for two doses of vaccine. Among those who were vaccinated >90 days before infection, having two doses of vaccine was associated with a greater reduction in risk than one dose. Conclusions Covid-19 vaccination was associated with reduced rates of hospital admission in pregnant individuals infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and the reduction in risk was similar to that in non-pregnant individuals. Waning of vaccine effectiveness occurred more quickly after one than after two doses of vaccine.</p

Results for adjusted model including 4 child variants.

<p>Results for adjusted model including 4 child variants.</p

Mothers age, educational level and socio-economic group by genotype score and drinking behaviour during pregnancy.

<p>Mothers age, educational level and socio-economic group by genotype score and drinking behaviour during pregnancy.</p

Results for associations between mother and child genotypes and total WISC score at age 8.

<p>A linear regression model was used for this analysis, *Dominant effect.</p