Seed weights of Pinus pinaster genotypes and open pollinated families

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Allocation of constitutive and induced concentration of nitrogen across different pine parts.

<p>Nitrogen concentration in (a) the phloem, (b) the xylem and (c) the needles across three parts of the plants (basal, middle and apical upper part) in control (constitutive, white bars) and methyl jasmonate (MJ) induced (black bars) <i>P. radiata</i> juveniles. Plants were destructively sampled 15 days after application of MJ. Bars are means ± s.e.m. (N = 12 for phloem and needle tissues and N = 6 for xylem tissue). Asterisks indicate significant differences within each plant part due to MJ-induction at <i>P</i><0.05 (*), <i>P</i><0.01 (**) and <i>P</i><0.001 (***).</p

Allocation of constitutive and induced chemical defenses across different pine parts.

1<p>DF = degrees of freedom (numerator, denominator).</p><p>Summary of the repeated measures mixed model for constitutive and methyl-jasmonate (MJ) induced allocation of chemical defenses (non-volatile resin and total phenolics) to two tissues (stem and needles) across three parts of the plants (basal, middle and apical upper part) in six <i>P. radiata</i> open-pollinated families. Significant <i>P</i> values (<i>P</i><0.05) are typed in bold.</p

Allocation of constitutive and induced concentration of nitrogen across different pine parts.

1<p>DF = degrees of freedom (numerator, denominator).</p><p>Summary of the repeated measures mixed model for constitutive and methyl-jasmonate (MJ) induced nitrogen concentration in three tissues (phloem, xylem and needles) across three parts the plants (basal, middle and apical upper part). Sample size was N = 12 except for xylem, that was N = 6 due to sample loss, resulting in only one genetic entry analyzed. Significant <i>P</i> values (<i>P</i><0.05) are typed in bold.</p

Allocation of constitutive and induced non-volatile resin across different pine parts.

<p>Non-volatile resin concentration in (a) the phloem and (b) the xylem across three parts of the plants (basal, middle and apical upper part) in control (constitutive, white bars) and methyl jasmonate (MJ) induced (black bars) <i>P. radiata</i> juveniles. Plants were destructively sampled 15 days after application of MJ. Bars are means ± s.e.m. (N = 8). Asterisks indicate significant differences within each plant part due to MJ-induction at <i>P</i><0.05 (*) and <i>P</i><0.01 (**).</p

Allocation of constitutive and induced non-volatile resin across different pine parts.

1<p>DF = degrees of freedom (numerator, denominator).</p><p>Summary of the repeated measures mixed model for constitutive and methyl-jasmonate (MJ) induced allocation of non-volatile resin to two tissues (phloem and xylem) across three parts of the plants (basal, middle and apical upper part) in two <i>P. radiata</i> open-pollinated families. Significant <i>P</i> values (<i>P</i><0.05) are typed in bold.</p

HDY-12-OR0394R DATA

Original data analyzed in the manuscript. Data is organized at three different leves: cone, seed and seedling

Allocation of constitutive and induced chemical defenses across different pine parts.

<p>Concentration of non-volatile resin in (a) the stem and (b) the needles, and total phenolics in (c) the stem and (d) the needles across three parts of the plants (basal, middle and apical upper part) in control (constitutive, white bars) and methyl-jasmonate (MJ) induced (black bars) <i>P. radiata</i> juveniles. Plants were destructively sampled 15 days after application of MJ. Bars are means ± s.e.m. (N = 36). Asterisks indicate significant differences within each plant part due to MJ-induction at <i>P</i><0.05 (*), <i>P</i><0.01 (**) and <i>P</i><0.001 (***).</p

Changes in total height of <i>Pinus pinaster</i> seedlings.

<p>Seedlings were derived from 10 maternal genotypes clonally replicated in two contrasting maternal environments, one favourable (open circles) and one unfavourable (black circles) for pine growth and reproduction (N = 720). Least square means obtained from the mixed models excluding (A) and including (B) seed mass as a covariate are shown.</p

Environmental Maternal Effects Mediate the Resistance of Maritime Pine to Biotic Stress

<div><p>The resistance to abiotic stress is increasingly recognised as being impacted by maternal effects, given that environmental conditions experienced by parent (mother) trees affect stress tolerance in offspring. We hypothesised that abiotic environmental maternal effects may also mediate the resistance of trees to biotic stress. The influence of maternal environment and maternal genotype and the interaction of these two factors on early resistance of <i>Pinus pinaster</i> half-sibs to the <i>Fusarium circinatum</i> pathogen was studied using 10 mother genotypes clonally replicated in two contrasting environments. Necrosis length of infected seedlings was 16% shorter in seedlings grown from favourable maternal environment seeds than in seedlings grown from unfavourable maternal environment seeds. Damage caused by <i>F. circinatum</i> was mediated by maternal environment and maternal genotype, but not by seed mass. Mechanisms unrelated to seed provisioning, perhaps of epigenetic nature, were probably involved in the transgenerational plasticity of <i>P. pinaster</i>, mediating its resistance to biotic stress. Our findings suggest that the transgenerational resistance of pines due to an abiotic stress may interact with the defensive response of pines to a biotic stress.</p></div