Variación bromatológica de la leche de cabras Lamancha alimentadas con diferentes forrajes

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar el efecto de los forrajes de sorgo, estrella africana y morera en la calidad de la leche de cabra. Este expeperimento se desarrolló en la Estación Expeperimental Alfredo Volio Mata de la Universidad de Costa RiRica ubicada en Cartago, Costa RiRica a 1.542 msnm, durante el último trimestre del 2007, con tres grupos de cabras de raza Lamancha y tres diferentes forrajes: morera (Morus alba), estrella africana (Cynodom nlemfluensis) y sorgo negro forrajero (Sorghum almum). El modelo expeperimental empleado fue un cuadrado latino repeepeepetido. La mayor producción de leche se dio con los animales que consumieieron estrella africana (1,06 kg de leche/animal/día; (p < 0,01), seguidos por los que consumieieron la morera (0,89 kg de leche/animal/día) y el sorgo negro (0,73 kg de leche/animal/día). El porcentaje de grasa, proteína, caseína, sólidos totales y sólidos no grasos fueron más altos en la leche de los animales alimentados con morera (p < 0,01) y más bajos en los que ingirieieron estrella africana

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

Gestión punitiva del delito, víctimas y reconciliación

One of the biggest challenges facing Colombian society is related to the existence of historical punitive models built within one of Latin America’s longest internal armed conflicts. The other challenge is related to the presence of institutional issues resulting from the new governmental apparatus, which was developed in the transitional model, and which claims other non-punitive and vertical forms of justice. This text outlines in its thematic horizon the challenge raised by the demands for justice and the institutional incorporation of new ways of repairing the damages caused by an armed conflict of more than 60 years. Similarly, the signing of the peace agreement (on September 26, 2021) between one of the oldest active guerrillas in the continent and Juan Manuel Santos’ government, within the context of the transitional period resulting from such agreement, raises a series of questions related to the transformations in the violence dynamics, the changes associated with the social processes affected by the war, and the transformations experienced by the victims of war.Uno de los mayores retos a los cuales se encuentra abocada la sociedad colombiana está  relacionado  con  la  existencia  de  históricos  modelos  punitivos  construidos  en  el  marco  de  uno  de  los  conflictos  armados  internos  más  prolongados  de  América  Latina,  y  por  otro,  la  existencia  de  unos  retos  institucionales  que  trae  consigo  el  nuevo  aparataje gubernamental elaborado en el modelo transicional, el cual reivindica otras formas no punitivas y verticales de la justicia. El reto entre las demandas por la justicia y la incorporación institucional de nuevas maneras para reparar los daños ocasionados por más de 60 años de un conflicto armado perfila en el horizonte temático construido en el presente texto. A su vez, la firma del acuerdo de paz alcanzado en Colombia el 26 de septiembre de 2021, entre una de las guerrillas activas más antiguas del continente y el gobierno de Juan Manuel Santos, suscita en el marco del periodo transicional incubado en dicho acuerdo una serie de interrogantes alusivos a las transformaciones en las dinámicas de las violencias, los cambios relacionados con los procesos sociales afectados por la guerra y las transformaciones experimentadas por las víctimas de las guerras.Um dos maiores desafios da sociedade colombiana está relacionado à existência de modelos históricos punitivos construídos no âmbito de um dos mais longos conflitos armados internos da América Latina e, por outro lado, à existência de desafios institucionais trazidos pelo novo aparelho governamental elaborado no modelo de transição, que reivindica outras formas não punitivas e verticais de justiça. O desafio entre as exigências de justiça e a incorporação institucional de novas formas de reparar os danos causados por mais de 60 anos de conflito armado está delineado no horizonte temático construído neste texto. Por sua vez, a assinatura do acordo de paz alcançado na Colômbia em 26 de setembro de 2021, entre um dos mais antigos guerrilheiros ativos do continente e o governo de Juan Manuel Santos, levanta uma série de questões no âmbito do período de transição incubado neste acordo, aludindo às transformações na dinâmica da violência, às mudanças relacionadas aos processos sociais afetados pela guerra e às transformações vividas pelas vítimas das guerras

El derecho a los derechos : infancias y adolescencias en Cuba

«El derecho a los derechos. Infancias y adolescencias en Cuba», constituye un título atractivo y seductor, en el que se ofrece al lector una mirada crítica a retos, problemáticas y cuestiones teórico-prácticas en la protección integral de los niños, niñas y adolescentes. Profesionalidad, originalidad, impronta y opinión personal de cada uno de los autores signaron la concepción del libro. De igual forma, un lenguaje apropiado que se sustrae de tecnicismos barrocos y excesivos para facilitar la lectura. Es una obra pensada desde la academia para impactar la realidad social. (...) engrosa los estudios sobre infancia y adolescencia existentes, es expresión de un saber especializado, tanto a nivel de la investigación científica como de la práctica y la gestión institucional estatal y de la sociedad civil. No busca ser meta, punto de llegada, al contrario, es una propuesta que invita permanentemente al debate, la discusión teórica, la reflexión, al examen de las formas de hacer y al pensamiento crítico. Dr. Yuri Pérez Martíne

Weaning from mechanical ventilation in intensive care units across 50 countries (WEAN SAFE): a multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study

Background Current management practices and outcomes in weaning from invasive mechanical ventilation are poorly understood. We aimed to describe the epidemiology, management, timings, risk for failure, and outcomes of weaning in patients requiring at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation. Methods WEAN SAFE was an international, multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study done in 481 intensive care units in 50 countries. Eligible participants were older than 16 years, admitted to a participating intensive care unit, and receiving mechanical ventilation for 2 calendar days or longer. We defined weaning initiation as the first attempt to separate a patient from the ventilator, successful weaning as no reintubation or death within 7 days of extubation, and weaning eligibility criteria based on positive end-expiratory pressure, fractional concentration of oxygen in inspired air, and vasopressors. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients successfully weaned at 90 days. Key secondary outcomes included weaning duration, timing of weaning events, factors associated with weaning delay and weaning failure, and hospital outcomes. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03255109. Findings Between Oct 4, 2017, and June 25, 2018, 10 232 patients were screened for eligibility, of whom 5869 were enrolled. 4523 (77·1%) patients underwent at least one separation attempt and 3817 (65·0%) patients were successfully weaned from ventilation at day 90. 237 (4·0%) patients were transferred before any separation attempt, 153 (2·6%) were transferred after at least one separation attempt and not successfully weaned, and 1662 (28·3%) died while invasively ventilated. The median time from fulfilling weaning eligibility criteria to first separation attempt was 1 day (IQR 0–4), and 1013 (22·4%) patients had a delay in initiating first separation of 5 or more days. Of the 4523 (77·1%) patients with separation attempts, 2927 (64·7%) had a short wean (≤1 day), 457 (10·1%) had intermediate weaning (2–6 days), 433 (9·6%) required prolonged weaning (≥7 days), and 706 (15·6%) had weaning failure. Higher sedation scores were independently associated with delayed initiation of weaning. Delayed initiation of weaning and higher sedation scores were independently associated with weaning failure. 1742 (31·8%) of 5479 patients died in the intensive care unit and 2095 (38·3%) of 5465 patients died in hospital. Interpretation In critically ill patients receiving at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation, only 65% were weaned at 90 days. A better understanding of factors that delay the weaning process, such as delays in weaning initiation or excessive sedation levels, might improve weaning success rates