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Rapid Enrichment and Sensitive Detection of Multiple Metal Ions Enabled by Macroporous Graphene Foam
Nanomaterials
have shown great promise in advancing biomedical
and environmental analysis because of the unique properties originated
from their ultrafine dimensions. In general, nanomaterials are separately
applied to either enhance detection by producing strong signals upon
target recognition or to specifically extract analytes taking advantage
of their high specific surface area. Herein, we report a dual-functional
nanomaterial-based platform that can simultaneously enrich and enable
sensitive detection of multiple metal ions. The macroporous graphene
foam (GF) we prepared displays abundant phosphate groups on the surface
and can extract divalent metal ions via metal-phosphate coordination.
The enriched metal ions then activate the metal-responsive DNAzymes
and produce the fluorescently labeled single-stranded DNAs that are
adsorbed and quenched by the GF. The resultant fluorescence reduction
can be used for metal quantitation. The present work demonstrated
duplexed detection of Pb<sup>2+</sup> and Cu<sup>2+</sup> using the
Pb- and Cu-responsive DNAzymes, achieving a low detection limit of
50 pM and 0.6 nM, respectively. Successful quantification of Pb<sup>2+</sup> and Cu<sup>2+</sup> in human serum and river water were
achieved with high metal recovery. Since the phosphate-decorated GF
can enrich diverse types of divalent metal cations, this dual-functional
GF-DNAzyme platform can serve as a simple and cost-effective tool
for rapid and accurate metal quantification in determination of human
metal exposure and inspection of environmental contamination