Relação entre exame clínico e radiográfico no diagnóstico da osteoartrite equina

oint disease, specifically osteoarthritis, is one of the most prevalent and debilitating diseases affecting athletic horses. Despite technological advances in recent decades, clinical and radiographic examinations are still the most commonly used methods for diagnosis of equine osteoarthritis. Clinical data of 2872 horses were compiled and compared for this study, it were evaluated 146 cases of osteoarthritis and radiographies of 259 affected joints were reviewed in order to verify how far radiographic examination is consistent with the clinical examination, and to correlate the clinical changes with physical activity performed by horses. Records showed that osteoarthritis in the fetlock and pastern joints (digit) when displaying radiographic changes makes horses more prone to show lameness, compared to others who also have osteoarthritis with radiographic evidence, but in the tarsocrural joint. However, radiographic scores do not correlate the radiographic image with the presence or absence of lameness. The type of physical activity performed by the horses had no influence on the frequency of clinical signs of osteoarthritis. The horses with osteoarthritis had an average of 8.4 ± 3.9 years old and were used for ride, western and work with cattle. Among the breeds studied, those that most frequently had horses with osteoarthritis were Mangalarga Marchador, Crioulo and Quarter Horse.A doença articular, especificamente osteoartrite, é uma das afecções mais prevalentes e debilitantes que acometem os equinos atletas. Apesar dos avanços tecnológicos nas últimas décadas, os exames clínico e radiográfico ainda são os meios mais comumente utilizados para o diagnóstico da osteoartrite equina. Neste estudo foram compilados e confrontados dados clínicos de 2872 equinos. Foram avaliados 146 casos de osteoartrite e analisadas radiograficamente 259 articulações com osteoartrite, para verificar quanto o exame radiográfico é condizente com o exame físico, e relacionar alterações clínicas com a modalidade de atividade física executada pelos cavalos. Pode-se constatar que a osteoartrite interfalangeana e metacarpo/metatarso falangeana (dígito) quando exibe alterações radiográficas faz com que os cavalos sejam mais propensos a claudicar, comparativamente a outros que também apresentam osteoartrite evidenciada radiograficamente, porém na articulação do tarso. Contudo, os escores radiográficos não correlacionaram a imagem radiográfica com a presença ou não de claudicação. A modalidade de atividade física não interferiu na frequência dos sinais clínicos de osteoartrite. Os equinos que mais apresentaram osteoartrite possuíam idade média de 8,4 ± 3,9 anos e eram utilizados para romaria, provas de quarto de milha e trabalho com o gado. Dentre as raças estudadas, as que mais frequentemente apresentaram equinos com osteoartrite foram Mangalarga Marchador, Crioulo e Quarto de Milha

Asset Management and Investor Protection

Asset management is a major industry playing an increasingly important role in economic activity around the world. Asset managers provide services to individuals, governments, public agencies, banks, pension funds, insurance companies, and charities, to name a few. Traditionally, asset management has been primarily associated with the 'stock market' economies of the UK and the USA, but, as this book shows, some of the most spectacular growth in activity of recent years has occurred in Continental Europe. This has presented opportunities and challenges. New forms of financial instruments and institutions have emerged in countries that have traditionally relied on debt and non-market forms of intermediation. Competition has intensified, and entry has occurred both within and across national markets. However, this growth has been accompanied by potential problems: while investors enjoy a wider range of products and services, they face more complex instruments and transactions. Therefore, the potential for failures, such as misdealing and fraud, may have increased. The natural response is to strengthen regulation, but there is a fine balance to be struck between inadequate and excessive regulation of asset managers. This is particularly complicated in the context of European capital markets. European countries have traditionally had very different financial systems and asset management businesses, therefore it is no surprise to discover many different approaches to regulating asset managers. How should the European Commission respond to this diversity? Should it seek to create greater uniformity via common regulatory rules? The particular focus of this book is financial resource requirements. There is currently an active debate about the role capital requirements should play in asset management, particularly in the European context. In order to address this issue, the authors argue that it is necessary to understand the nature of the asset management business in different countries and the risks that it faces. They therefore discuss how the asset management business operates; how it is organized; the nature and size of risks in the business, who bears them, and how they are financed; and what the alternative forms of investor protection are, together with their associated costs and benefits