Testrun results from prototype fiber detectors for high rate particle tracking

A fiber detector concept has been realized allowing to registrate particles within less than 100 nsec with a space point precision of about 0.1 mm at low occupancy. Three full size prototypes have been build by different producers and tested at a 3 GeV electron beam at DESY. After 3 m of light guides 8-10 photoelectrons were registrated by multichannel photomultipliers providing an efficiency of more than 99%. Using all available data a resolution of 0.086 mm was measured.Comment: 18 pages, 17 figure

Mastitis diagnostics and performance monitoring: a practical approach

In this paper a review is given of frequently used mastitis diagnostic methods in modern dairy practice. Methods used at the quarter, cow, herd and regional or national level are discussed, including their usability for performance monitoring in udder health. Future developments, such as systems in which milk-derived parameters are combined with modern analytical techniques, are discussed. It is concluded that, although much knowledge is available and science is still developing and much knowledge is available, it is not always fully exploited in practice

μ‑Oxo Dimerization Effects on Ground- and Excited-State Properties of a Water-Soluble Iron Porphyrin CO₂ Reduction Catalyst

Iron 5,10,15,20-tetra(para-N,N,N-trimethylanilinium)porphyrin (Fe-p-TMA) is a water-soluble catalyst capable of electrochemical and photochemical CO2 reduction. Although its catalytic ability has been thoroughly investigated, the mechanism and associated intermediates are largely unknown. Previous studies proposed that Fe-p-TMA enters catalytic cycles as a monomeric species. However, we demonstrate herein that, in aqueous solutions, Fe-p-TMA undergoes formation of a μ-oxo porphyrin dimer that exists in equilibrium with its monomeric form. The propensity for μ-oxo formation is highly dependent on the solution pH and ionic strength. Indeed, the μ-oxo form is stabilized in the presence of electrolytes that are key components of catalytically relevant conditions. By leveraging the ability to chemically control and spectrally address both species, we characterize their ground-state electronic structures and excited-state photodynamics. Global fitting of ultrafast transient absorption data reveals two distinct excited-state relaxation pathways: a three-component sequential model consistent with monomeric relaxation and a two-component sequential model for the μ-oxo species. Relaxation of the monomeric species is best described as a ligand-to-metal charge transfer (τ1 = ∼500 fs), an ionic strength-dependent metal-to-ligand charge transfer (τ2 = 2–4 ps), and finally relaxation of a ligand field excited state to the ground state (τ3 = 5 ps). Conversely, excited-state relaxation of the μ-oxo species proceeds via cleavage of an FeIII–O bond to generate transient FeIVO and FeII porphyrin species (τ1 = 2 ps) that recombine to the ground-state μ-oxo species (τ2 = ∼1 ns). This latter lifetime extends to timescales relevant for chemical reactivity. It is therefore emphasized that further consideration of catalyst speciation and chemical microenvironments is necessary for elucidating the mechanisms of catalytic CO2 reduction reactions

Test of a position-sensitive photomultiplier for fast scintillating fiber detector read-out

SIGLEAvailable from TIB Hannover: RA2999(92-176) / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekDEGerman