Phytosanitary inspection of woody plants for planting at european union entry points: A practical enquiry

Phytosanitary import inspections are important to avoid entry of harmful pests on live plants. In the European Union (EU), all consignments of live plants must be inspected at the first point of entry, and plants allowed entry can be moved without further inspection among the 28 Member States and Switzerland. It is important that inspections in EU countries adhere to the same standard to avoid introduction of harmful organisms through countries with weaker methods. We tested whether sampling intensity and confidence in the inspection results were the same across these countries. Questionnaires were sent to inspectors in all countries, asking about inspections of individual consignments of woody plants for planting. Data about 102 lots, inspected at 13 points of entry in six countries, were analyzed. We used hypergeometric and binomial statistics for small and large consignments, respectively, to calculate the probability that <1 % of the plants were infested. The duration of the inspection increased with lot size, but the probability that the infestation level was below 1 % of the plants was lower for small than for large lots. Moreover, large international differences in inspection intensity and the probability that the inspections could detect a level of infestation below 1 % were found: the probability was consistently above 0.95 in one country, while the average probability was below 0.6 in the other countries. We suggest that the EU Member States adopt common maximum acceptable infestation levels and harmonized, statistics-based sampling protocols for plants for planting.SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

A risk categorisation and analysis of the geographic and temporal dynamics of the European import of plants for planting

The international trade in plants for planting (P4Ps) is a major pathway for the introduction of plant pests. The global trade in P4Ps is both voluminous and highly diverse, but there is little detailed knowledge about its diversity and dynamics. This makes it difficult to assess the risks associated with this trade and to prioritise high-risk commodities (genus-origin combinations) for detailed inspection or regulation. Using the ISEFOR database, this paper describes the diversity and dynamics of P4P imports into the EU, based on genus-level data for lots imported into fourteen Member States that provided this data for different periods between 2005 and 2014, totalling over 30Bn plants and over 7500 commodities. There was great variety, as well as complementarity, in terms of the imported genera, origins and commodities among the countries. Two-thirds of the imported commodities changed every year. Based on the 10-year data from the Netherlands, the greatest importer of live plants in the dataset, we developed a risk categorisation approach for prioritising the highest risk commodities, based on risk associated information concerning the imported genus and the history of trade with respect to the exporting countries, genera and type of plant material traded. Application of this risk categorisation led to the identification of a modest number of commodities that represent elevated risk, to which more inspection resources can be allocated while lower-risk commodities could be subject to less-intensive phytosanitary inspections.</p

Efficacy of diatomaceous earth formulations admixed with grain against populations of Tribolium castaneum

The efficacy of diatomaceous earth (DE) to control stored-products Coleoptera on stored grain was examined against several populations of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). Four commercially available DE formulations were tested: INSECTO(R), Perma-Guard(TM), Protect-It(R) and the diatomite used for the production of Dryacide(R), each at six concentrations (100-1000ppm). A great variation of efficacy was observed among the DE formulations tested. Protect-It at concentrations up to 400 ppm was found to be the most effective formulation to control red flour beetle populations. However, a concentration of 1000 ppm of Protect-It was necessary to control all adults of all populations. Most T castaneum populations, except one from Ivory Coast (Asm), were more than 90% controlled with INSECTO and Dryacide DE at 600 ppm. At this concentration, about 88% and 22% Asm adults died with INSECTO and Dryacide DE, respectively. Perma-Guard was the least efficient DE formulation to control T castaneum adults with three populations exhibiting some survival at 1000 ppm. Reduced susceptibility to DE was observed in two populations, Asm and Lab susceptible from Kansas (Lab-S). As neither population had been previously exposed to DE, it is suggested that red flour beetles may naturally vary in susceptibility to DE. In addition, it was found that some populations can be satisfactorily controlled with some DE formulations but not with others. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Trade patterns of the tree nursery industry in Europe and changes following findings of citrus longhorn beetle, Anoplophora chinensis Forster

The trade in plants for planting is a major pathway for the introduction and further spread of alien plants, pests and diseases. Information about the structure of plant trade networks is not generally available, but it is valuable for better assessing the potential risks associated with the trade in live plants and the development of prevention and mitigation measures and policy. The discovery of two larvae of Anoplophora chinensis (citrus longhorn beetle - CLB) in 2009, at a nursery importing Acer palmatum from China in one of the major Dutch tree nursery areas, has resulted in the creation of a detailed dataset on the intra- European Union trade in its potential hosts. This study describes European imports of the primary host of A. chinensis, Acer spp. into the Netherlands (1998-2012) and the effects of the finding in a tree nursery area. In addition, shipments of Acer spp. from 138 producers in the nursery area in 2009 were analysed in a one-offanalysis of intra-EU trade. The volume of Acer spp. imports from Asia was stable early during the studied period, and declined to 5% of the initial imports after a period of interceptions, illustrating the effect of regulations. The number of notifications of A. chinensis infestations in imported consignments of Acer spp. increased sharply in the years up to 2007, then declined as imports also reduced. Although plants were shipped to destinations throughout Europe, each producer shipped plants only to few destinations in few countries. Most of the plants were shipped to nurseries in EU countries. These patterns could make it easier to target these high risk destinations for control measures. The lack of transaction records makes it difficult to trace the destination of plants. More systematic electronic record keeping by traders and growers and the data being collated in a database that can be made available to regulatory authorities, together with further studies of plant trade data using network approaches, would be beneficial for improving trace-back and trace-forward and provide better safeguards for plant health and quality.SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Les récollets

« Square des récollets » (Paris), « rue des récollets » (Liège), « boulevard des récollets » (Toulouse), « Mont des récollets » (Cassel)… Mais qui sont les récollets ? Seuls les historiens peuvent aujourd’hui répondre à cette question, car les récollets n’existent plus. Au cours de sa longue histoire, l’Ordre de saint François n’a jamais cessé de se réformer, de se diviser, mais aussi de se réunifier. Des mots nouveaux sont apparus pour désigner les franciscains, puis ont disparu, à l’instar de ces récollets qui ont prospéré en France, dans les Iles britanniques, les Pays-Bas méridionaux et l’Empire germanique, entre les Guerres de religion et la fin du XIXe siècle. Le terme « récollet » dit déjà quelque chose de l’identité de cette réforme, car il est apparenté à l’ancien verbe français recolliger qui signifie « se recueillir en soi-même ». Mais ce désir de recueillement n’empêche pas ces religieux d’être très actifs dans les sociétés d’Ancien Régime, au point d’être souvent comparés à d’autres franciscains réformés, beaucoup mieux connus, les capucins. Prédicateurs, confesseurs, peintres, mystiques, écrivains, controversistes, missionnaires (en Hollande protestante comme en Angleterre anglicane), aumôniers militaires (en Nouvelle France), supérieurs de moniales, les récollets ont inventé une identité franciscaine originale qui a perduré bien au-delà de la disparition de cette réforme